This paper reports the droplet size distribution (DSD) measurements in 28 W/O (water/oil) crude oil emulsions prepared with two Brazilian oils (medium and heavy) under different shear conditions using both 10 g L-1 NaCl solution and water production by low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, 2.2 MHz). The PFGSTE (pulsed-field gradient-stimulated echo) pulse sequence applied was able to separate the crude oil emulsion signal for both medium and heavy oil even for low dispersed phase content (1.51 wt.%) and took into account only the aqueous phase signal. All emulsions exhibited an average diameter smaller than 5.5 μm because of the severe shear conditions. Despite the difficult processing of the S24 (6.48 wt.%) emulsion signal, good agreement was achieved between low field NMR and low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS) results. Finally, the paramagnetic ions in the water production did not affect the NMR measurements, demonstrating its applicability for analyzing real emulsions.
ANALYSIS OF OIL CONTENT AND OIL QUALITY IN OILSEEDS BY LOW-FIELD NMR.To choose among the variety of oleaginous plants for biodiesel production, the oil content of several matrices was determined through different low-field 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments with varied pulse sequences, namely single-pulse, spin-echo, CPMG, and CWFP. The experiments that involved the first three sequences showed high correlation with each other and with the solvent extraction method. The quality of the vegetable oils was also evaluated on the basis of the existing correlation between the T 2 values of the oils and their properties, such as viscosity, iodine index, and cetane index. These analyses were performed using HCA and PCA chemometric tools. The results were sufficiently significant to allow separation of the oleaginous matrices according to their quality. Thus, the lowfield 1 H NMR technique was confirmed as an important tool to aid in the selection of oleaginous matrices for biodiesel production.Keywords: low-field NMR; biodiesel; oleaginous plants. INTRODUÇÃODiante da necessidade da busca de novas fontes oleaginosas que sejam adequadas como matéria-prima para a síntese de biodiesel, devido à crescente demanda nacional de produção desse biocombustível, pesquisas têm sido voltadas para a seleção de sementes que atendam essa necessidade e possam ajudar a abastecer o mercado, altamente aquecido. Para realizar o processo de seleção é indispensável conhecer o teor e a qualidade do óleo das sementes. O método clássico utilizado na avaliação do teor de óleo é a extração por solvente, um processo demorado e destrutivo em relação às amostras. A ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN de 1 H) é um método alternativo que pode fornecer o teor de forma rápida, sem destruir a amostra. Além disso, os resultados são coletados, processados e armazenados diretamente em microcomputador. [1][2][3][4] As análises para determinação do teor de óleo em sementes por RMN de baixo campo se baseiam na correlação que existe entre a intensidade do sinal ou do eco -que é proporcional à concentração de hidrogênio na amostra -e a concentração de óleo no produto a ser analisado. Nos experimentos com aplicação da sequência de pulso único (90°) o sinal de decaimento (FID -free induction decay) é governado pela constante de tempo T 2 *, que consiste no tempo de relaxação transversal (T 2 ) sofrendo influência da inomogeneidade do campo magnético (ΔB 0 ), Equação 1. Nessa equação, γ representa a razão magnetogírica dos núcleos de 1 H. 3 (1) Para suprimir o efeito da inomogeneidade do campo magné-tico nas medidas de T 2 por campo pulsado, Hahn (1950) propôs a sequência de spin-eco, que consistia na aplicação de dois pulsos de 90º separados por um intervalo de tempo τ. 5 Pouco tempo depois, em 1954, essa técnica foi modificada por Carr e Purcell, que substituíram o segundo pulso de 90º por um pulso de 180º. 6 Nos experimentos com uso dessa sequência, após o pulso de 90°, o sinal decairá com constante de tempo T 2 * (como na técnica de pul...
Background: The Hetero-Diels-Alder reaction (HDAR) is a method extensively used in organic chemistry as a tool in the synthesis of innumerous polycyclic compounds in particular nitrogen compounds, presents in many natural products, medicinally relevant substances and organic materials. The literature describes innumerable studies of HDAR using classic methods and modern developments such as reactions on the solid phase, the use of catalysts, transformations in aqueous solution and under microwaves. Objective: This review describes a variety of HDAR focused on obtaining nitrogen-containing compounds of considerable chemical and biological interest, and highlighting reported biological activity. Conclusion: This review has shown the importance of the HDA reaction as a tool of organic chemistry in the synthesis of nitrogen compounds. This type of reaction presents important properties including bond-forming economy, high regio- and stereoselectivities and thus provides highly efficient routes to access a wide range of polycyclic compounds. In addition to the variety of nitrogen compounds synthetized successfully by this method, they present relevant biological properties.
The conventional biodiesel process, although it reaches high conversion yields and productivity, faces problems related to the use of homogeneous catalysts. This work aims to study mixtures of calcium oxide (CaO) and niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5) as the heterogeneous catalyst. It was used a full 2 3 factorial design with four central points to analyze how the mass percentage of the oxides, the molar ratio of reactants, and the reaction temperature affect the conversion yield to methyl esters. The best conversion yield was found near to 89% using 1.8% of catalyst, a 1:36 oil to methanol ratio and at 77 °C as reaction temperature. Finally, it was performed a simplified simulation to compare the heterogeneous catalyst process with the conventional process, and an algorithm to compare the effects of the exit streams of each process would have on the environment. The simulations results display a better performance for the heterogeneous catalyst process studied.
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