The aim of the present work was to compare the effect of ultralow oxygen (ULO) with dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) on the post storage quality of 'Royal Gala' and 'Galaxy' apples after long-term storage. Two experiments were carried out with 'Royal Gala' and 'Galaxy' apples, in the years 2012 and 2013, respectively. A higher internal ethylene concentration was observed in fruits stored under CA; intermediate concentration in fruits under ULO; and the lowest by fruits stored under DCA-CF (DCA based on chlorophyll fluorescence). Flesh firmness was higher in fruits stored under DCA-CF and ULO differing from CA, in the year 2012, but in 2013 fruits stored under ULO showed the highest flesh firmness, differing from CA fruits. DCA-CF is efficient in quality maintenance of 'Royal Gala' and 'Galaxy' apples. Both 'Gala' mutants stored under ULO show a similar quality maintenance to those stored under DCA-CF.

Armazenamento refrigerado de ameixas 'Laetitia' com uso de 1-MCP e indução de perda de massa fresca

RESUMO -Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade da maçã 'Maxi Gala' submetida a diferentes combinações de níveis de O 2 e CO 2 , temperaturas e perda de massa durante o armazenamento. O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento inteiramente casualisado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições de 25 frutos. Os tratamentos originaram-se da combinação de diferentes condições de atmosfera controlada (AC) em duas temperaturas (0,5 °C e 1 °C), que foram: (1) 1,2 kPa O 2 + 2,5 kPa CO 2 + 3,5% de perda de massa (PM); (2) 1,2 kPa O 2 + 2,5 kPa CO 2 ; (3) 1,2 kPa O 2 + 2,0 kPa CO 2 ; (4) 1,0 kPa O 2 + 2,0 kPa CO 2 ; (5) 0,8 kPa O 2 + 2,0 kPa CO 2 ; e (6) 0,8 kPa O 2 + 1,5 kPa CO 2 . As melhores condições para o armazenamento da maçã 'Maxi Gala' foram as pressões parciais 0,8 a 1,0 kPa O 2 associada com 2,0 kPa CO 2 ou 0,8 kPa O 2 com 1,5 kPa CO 2 na temperatura de 1 °C. Nessas condições ocorre maior manutenção da firmeza da polpa, redução na ocorrência de degenerescência senescente e a polpa farinácea. A perda de massa de 3,5% em AC com 1,2 kPa O 2 + 2,5 kPa CO 2 na temperatura de 1 °C também é eficiente na manutenção da qualidade desta maçã. Palavras-chave:Frutas. Pós-colheita. Perda de massa. Distúrbios fisiológicos.ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to assess the quality of the 'Maxi Gala' apple under different mixtures of O 2 and CO 2 , temperature and mass loss during storage. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomised design in a system of split-plots, with four replications of 25 fruits. The treatments, derived from the combination of various conditions of controlled atmosphere (CA) at two temperatures (0.5 °C and 1 °C), were: (1) 1.2 kPa O 2 + 2.5 kPa CO 2 + 3.5% mass loss (ML); (2) 1.2 kPa O 2 + 2.5 kPa CO 2 ; (3) 1.2 kPa O 2 + 2.0 kPa CO 2 ; (4) 1.0 kPa O 2 + 2.0 kPa CO 2 ; (5) 0.8 kPa O 2 + 2.0 kPa CO 2 ; and (6) 0.8 kPa O 2 + 1.5 kPa CO 2 . The best conditions for the storage of the 'Maxi Gala' apple were those with partial pressures of 0.8 to 1.0 kPa O 2 associated with 2.0 kPa CO 2 or 0.8 kPa O 2 with 1.5 kPa CO 2 at a temperature of 1°C. Under these conditions flesh firmness is maintained for longer, with a greater reduction in flesh breakdown and mealiness. A weight loss of 3.5% in CA with 1.2 kPa O 2 to 2.5 kPa CO 2 at a temperature of 1°C is also effective in maintaining the quality of this apple.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de condições de atmosfera controlada na conservação de maçãs 'Royal Gala' e 'Galaxy'. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e unidade experimental composta por 25 frutos. Os tratamentos utilizados se originaram da combinação de duas culivares ('Royal Gala' e 'Galaxy') e sete diferentes condições de armazenamento, que foram: [1] Armazenamento refrigerado (AR); [2] 1,0kPa O2 + 2,0kPa CO2; [3] 1,0kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2; [4] 1,0kPa O2 + 3,0kPa CO2; [5] 0,8kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2; [6] 1,2kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2 e [7] 1,0kPa O2 + 2,5 kPa CO2. A temperatura nos tratamentos 1 ao 6 foi de +0,5°C e no tratamento 7, -0,5°C As avaliações foram realizadas após oito meses de armazenamento mais sete dias de exposição a 20°C. A maçã 'Galaxy' apresentou menor porcentagem de podridões e polpa farinácea e maior firmeza de polpa em relação à 'Royal Gala', não apresentando interação nestes parâmetros com as condições de armazenamento. A 'Galaxy' apresentou a menor porcentagem de frutos com degenerescência senescente e maior acidez titulável quando comparada com a 'Royal Gala', ocorrendo interação destes parâmetros com as condições de armazenamento. A melhor condição de armazenamento para a cultivar 'Royal Gala' foi de 1,0kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2 e para a 'Galaxy' foi de 0,8 a 1,0kPa O2 e 2,5kPa CO2, porém a 'Galaxy' pode ser armazenada por um período maior, pois, apresentou potencial de armazenamento superior a 'Royal Gala'.

-The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction of ultralow oxygen concentrations (ULO) with storage temperatures and carbon dioxide partial pressures and its influence on fruit quality preservation and on the occurrence of physiological disorders in 'Royal Gala' apples. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with four replicates 25-fruit. ULO conditions (1.0 kPa O 2 + 2.0 kPa CO 2 ; 0.8 kPa O 2 + 1.5 kPa CO 2 ; 0.8 kPa O 2 + 1.0 kPa CO 2 ; 0.6 kPa O 2 + 1.5 kPa CO 2 ; and 0.6 kPa O 2 + 1.0 kPa CO 2 ) were tested at 0, 0.5 and 1.0°C, in a 5x3 factorial arrangement. Fruit quality and ripening analyses were performed after eight-month storage plus seven days of shelf-life at 20°C. Oxygen partial pressures below 0.8 kPa increased the occurrence of internal breakdown and mealiness. The best ULO condition was 1.0 kPa O 2 + plus 2.0 kPa CO 2 at 1.0°C. The interaction of ULO conditions and storage temperatures shows the need of increasing O 2 partial pressure at higher storage temperatures.Index terms: Malus domestica, carbon dioxide, controlled atmosphere, decay, physiological disorders. Qualidade de maçã 'Royal Gala' armazenada em condições de concentração ultrabaixa de oxigênio e baixa temperaturaResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação de concentrações ultrabaixas de oxigênio (ULO) com diferentes temperaturas e pressões parciais de gás carbônico sobre a conservação da qualidade e a ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos em maçãs 'Royal Gala'. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 25 frutos. As concentrações ULO (1,0 kPa O 2 + 2,0 kPa CO 2 , 0,8 kPa O 2 + 1,5 kPa CO 2 , 0,8 kPa O 2 + 1,0 kPa CO 2 , 0,6 kPa O 2 + 1,5 kPa CO 2 e 0,6 kPa O 2 + 1,0 kPa CO 2 ) foram avaliadas a 0,0, 0,5 e 1,0°C, em arranjo fatorial de 5x3. As análises da qualidade e amadurecimento dos frutos foram realizadas após oito meses de armazenamento e mais sete dias de exposição a 20°C. As pressões parciais de O 2 abaixo de 0,8 kPa aumentaram a ocorrência de degenerescência de polpa e polpa farinácea. A melhor condição de ULO foi a de 1,0 kPa O 2 + 2,0 kPa CO 2 a 1,0°C. A interação entre condições de ULO e temperaturas de armazenamento evidencia necessidade de aumento das pressões parciais de O 2 quando a temperatura de armazenamento é mais elevada.Termos para indexação: Malus domestica, gás carbônico, atmosfera controlada, podridões, distúrbios fisiológicos.

H. obsoletus is the vector of grapevine yellows (Vergilbungskrankheit, VK) in Germany. Monitoring the abundance of the vector populations and their infestation with the phytoplasma associated with VK is necessary to assess the risk of disease outbreaks and field-spread. We tested planthoppers collected in four different vineyards of the Mosel River valley in Germany for infection by VK using DAS-ELISA and PCR. ELISA readings of female planthoppers were significantly higher than those of males. The proportion of positive testing H. obsoletus was higher in PCR tests compared to ELISA. The trapping method, either sweep-net or sticky-trap, had no significant influence on the proportion of planthoppers that reacted positively in PCR tests. The infestation of vineyard populations estimated by PCR varied between 7% and 34%. Batch samples, prepared from mixtures of crude planthopper extracts or from groups of 25 planthoppers, proved to be reliable for the detection of a single infected vector. For routine monitoring, we suggest PCR tests of batch samples from sticky traps.

Apples (Malus domestica, Borkh.) which are not stored at low temperature or in a properly controlled atmosphere (CA) may have a high metabolic rate during the postharvest stage resulting in losses in quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of 'Royal Gala' apple fruit stored in accordance with a new method of dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA).The respiratory quotient (RQ) was monitored at two temperatures which were then compared using a commercially available technology based on chlorophyll fluorescence DCA (DCA-CF) and static CA. Ethylene production and respiration rates were lower in apples stored in DCA than in CA, as a result of lower 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase activity, especially in apples stored in DCA-RQ2. Flesh firmness of apples stored in DCA did not differ from those stored in CA. Apples stored at 1 °C had less flesh breakdown occurrence and a high percentage of healthy fruit. 'Royal Gala' stored at DCA-RQ2 had less flesh breakdown than apples stored in CA; however, the apples stored in DCA-CF did not differ from those stored in DCA-RQ2 and CA. Apples stored at the highest RQ value (6 and 4), especially at 0.5 °C, had low O 2 injury occurrence after storage. However the increase in temperature to 1.0 °C, reduced the occurrence of this disorder. Therefore, storage in DCA-RQ2 at 1 °C or DCA-CF at 0.5 °C are the recommendations of preference for ensuring maintenance of quality in 'Royal Gala' apples after eight months of storage.

Neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Neospora caninum. Knowledge regarding neosporosis in goats is still quite limited, especially in the state of Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors for N. caninum in goats in the western and mountain regions of SC. Blood samples were collected from 654 goats in 57 municipalities. The indirect immunofluorescence test was used for antibody detection against N. caninum. Thirty samples (4.58%) were seropositive, with titers ranging from 1:50 to 1:6400. An epidemiological survey was also conducted in order to identify risk factors for neosporosis in goats. It was found that reproductive problems on the farms, as well as the diet and direct contact with dogs were casual risks for neosporosis. These results indicate that N. caninum infects goats in these regions, which may lead to reproductive problems.