The structural and optical properties of three different kinds of GaAs nanowires with 100% zinc-blende structure and with an average of 30% and 70% wurtzite are presented. A variety of shorter and longer segments of zinc-blende or wurtzite crystal phases are observed by transmission electron microscopy in the nanowires. Sharp photoluminescence lines are observed with emission energies tuned from 1.515 eV down to 1.43 eV when the percentage of wurtzite is increased. The downward shift of the emission peaks can be understood by carrier confinement at the interfaces, in quantum wells and in random short period superlattices existent in these nanowires, assuming a staggered band offset between wurtzite and zinc-blende GaAs. The latter is confirmed also by time-resolved measurements. The extremely local nature of these optical transitions is evidenced also by cathodoluminescence measurements. Raman spectroscopy on single wires shows different strain conditions, depending on the wurtzite content which affects also the band alignments. Finally, the occurrence of the two crystallographic phases is discussed in thermodynamic terms.

We present results of ideal epitaxial nucleation and growth of III−V semiconductor nanowires on silicon substrates. This addresses the long-time challenge of integrating high performance III−V semiconductors with mainstream Si technology. Efficient room-temperature generation of light on silicon is demonstrated by the incorporation of double heterostructure segments in such nanowires. We expect that advanced heterostructure devices, such as resonant tunneling diodes, superlattice device structures, and heterostructure photonic devices for on-chip communication, could now become available as complementary device technologies for integration with silicon.

Quantum dots embedded within nanowires represent one of the most promising technologies for applications in quantum photonics. Whereas the top-down fabrication of such structures remains a technological challenge, their bottom-up fabrication through self-assembly is a potentially more powerful strategy. However, present approaches often yield quantum dots with large optical linewidths, making reproducibility of their physical properties difficult. We present a versatile quantum-dot-innanowire system that reproducibly self-assembles in core-shell GaAs/AlGaAs nanowires. The quantum dots form at the apex of a GaAs/AlGaAs interface, are highly stable, and can be positioned with nanometre precision relative to the nanowire centre. Unusually, their emission is blue-shifted relative to the lowest energy continuum states of the GaAs core. Large-scale electronic structure calculations show that the origin of the optical transitions lies in quantum confinement due to Al-rich barriers. By emitting in the red and self-assembling on silicon substrates, these quantum dots could therefore become building blocks for solid-state lighting devices and third-generation solar cells. S emiconductor quantum dots have been shown to be excellent building blocks for quantum photonics applications, such as single-photon sources and nano-sensing. Desirable properties of a single-photon emitter include high-fidelity anti-bunching (very small g 2 (t = 0)), narrow emission lines (ideally transform limited to a few microelectronvolt) and high brightness (>1 MHz count rate on standard detector). For simplicity, these properties should be achieved either with electrical injection or non-resonant optical excitation. Desirable properties of a nano-sensor include a high sensitivity to local electric and magnetic fields, with the quantum dot located as close as possible to the target region. A popular realization involves Stranski-Krastanow InGaAs quantum dots embedded in a three-dimensional matrix, which are excellent building blocks for the realization of practical singlephoton sources 1 . However, the photon extraction out of the bulk semiconductor is highly inefficient on account of the large mismatch in refractive indices of GaAs and vacuum. An attractive way forward is to embed the quantum dots in a nanowire 2 . To solve the extraction problem, the nanowire is designed to operate as a single-mode waveguide, a so-called photonic nanowire, with a taper as photon out-coupler 3 . Also, for nano-sensing applications, a quantum dot in a nanowire can be located much closer to the active medium. Top-down fabrication of the photonic waveguide is technologically complex, however. Bottom-up fabrication of the photonic waveguide is very attractive 4-6 , but it is at present challenging to self-assemble quantum dots in the nanowires with narrow linewidths and high yields 7,8 . Nano-sensing applications are at present not highly developed. Other degrees of freedom of the quantum-dot-in-nanowire system that can be usefully exploited are the mechanical modes ...

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Additional treatment with low-level lasers reduced periodontal gingival inflammation.

CD and UC patients had higher DMFT and prevalence of periodontitis than controls, but smoking was an effect modifier.

This investigation shows that IL-1β, MMP-8 and the ratio of MMP-8/TIMP-1 could be used as markers of periodontal disease in larger patient populations.

Efficient light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic energy-harvesting devices are expected to play an important role in the continued efforts towards sustainable global power consumption. Semiconductor nanowires are promising candidates as the active components of both light-emitting diodes1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and photovoltaic cells7, 8, 9, 10, primarily due to the added freedom in device design offered by the nanowire geometry. However, for nanowire-based components to move past the proof-of-concept stage and be implemented in production-grade devices, it is necessary to precisely quantify and control fundamental material properties such as doping and carrier mobility. Unfortunately, the nanoscale geometry that makes nanowires interesting for applications also makes them inherently difficult to characterize. Here, we report a method to carry out Hall measurements on single core–shell nanowires. Our technique allows spatially resolved and quantitative determination of the carrier concentration and mobility of the nanowire shell. As Hall measurements have previously been completely unavailable for nanowires, the experimental platform presented here should facilitate the implementation of nanowires in advanced practical devices