Chronic liver disease is a major health issue worldwide and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is evidence that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is correlated with immune senescence by way of immune activation and chronic inflammation, which lead to increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk, as well as progressive liver damage. Both the innate and adaptive immunity are firmly tied to the prognosis of an infection with HCV and its response to antiviral therapy. HCV is therefore associated with increased pro-inflammatory status, heightened production of cytokines, prolonged systemic inflammation, as well as increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to the progression of hepatic fibrosis and HCC, but also secondary to cardiovascular diseases. Viral hepatic pathology is increasingly considered a disease that is no longer merely limited to the liver, but one with multiple metabolic consequences. Numerous in vitro studies, using experimental models of acute or chronic inflammation of the liver, has brought new information on immunopathological mechanisms resulting from viral infections and have highlighted the importance of involving complex structures, inflammasomes complex, in these mechanisms, in addition to the involvement of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. Beyond obtaining a sustained viral response and halting the aforementioned hepatic fibrosis, the current therapeutic "treat-to-target" strategies are presently focused on immune-mediated and metabolic disorders, to improve the quality of life and long-term prognosis of CHC patients.
Angiogenesis is a critical component of normal implantation and placentation and underlines the importance of vascularization in early pregnancy. Differentiated expression of angiogenesis factors in different decision tissues during different stages of implantation, indicates their involvement in the regulation of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. Disorders in vascular development may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent abortions. The success of implantation, placentation and subsequent pregnancy evolution requires coordination of vascular development and adaptations at both sides of the maternal–fetal interface. The human implantation process is a continuous process, which begins with the apposition and attachment of the blastocyst to the apical surface of the luminal endometrial epithelium and continues throughout the first trimester of pregnancy until the extravillous trophoblast invades and remodels maternal vascularization. Numerous regulatory molecules play functional roles in many processes, including preparation of the endometrial stroma (decidualization), epithelium for implantation, control of trophoblastic adhesion and invasion. These regulatory molecules include cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, many of which are expressed by different cell types, having slightly different functions as the implant progresses
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease which represents a major issue for public health. Type 1 diabetes is occurred most frequently in childhood and adolescence, although in recent years due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity in this category of population has been registered a growing number of cases of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents (1, 2).
There are few studies analyzing the correlation between liver cirrhosis and cardiac arrhythmias. Still, factors triggering cardiac arrhythmias occur in many instances in liver cirrhosis.We studied a cohort with patientsdiagnosed with liver cirrhosis hospitalized to Cardiology Department, to the County Hospital of Craiova, between January 2017 and January 2018. We wanted to study the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias at the patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and also to evaluate several associated factors.The frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in the presence of risk factors was analysed using x2 test and statistical models.We analized multiple variable including demographics and clinical and biochemical characteristics, frequency of type of arrhythmias and evaluation of the associated factors like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia ,hyper/hypokalemia and hyper/hyponatremia. From our group, after exclusion criteria, we have a total of 34 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, 37 patients with chronic HCV infection and 36 patients with HBV infection. From 34 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, 23 patients presented atrial fibrillation(67.65%), from 37 patients with chronic HCV infection 21 were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation(56.76%) and from the patients with HBV infection 19 patients were known with atrial fibrillation(52.78%).We have encounter atrial flutter at 2 patients (5.56%) with chronic HBV infection. Atrial extrasystole was found at 7 patients with chronic HBV infection (19.44%), 4 patients with chronic HCV infection (10.81%) and 1 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (2.94%). Ventricular extrasystole was found at 12 patients with chronic HBV infection (33.33%), 3 patients with chronic HCV infection (8.11%) and 5 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (14.71%).We have also correlate the arrhythmias with different biochemical variables from our cohort. In our study there were many association between hepatic cirrhosis and cardiac abnormalities, which is concordant to reports from literature. Compared to population without liver cirrhosis, the prevalence of arrhythmias was increased in our cohort.
Alcoholism use disorders are very frequent present all over the world. The use of alcohol is responsable for many behavioral symptoms like impulsivity, violence, depressive mood and anxiety. The aim of our research was to find the clinical and the biochemical changes induced by alcohol at the patient with mental illness.
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