Numerous factors can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Oxidative stress (OS), a fairly common ND symptom, can be caused by more reactive oxygen species being made. In addition, the pathological state of NDs, which includes a high number of protein aggregates, could make chronic inflammation worse by activating microglia. Carotenoids, often known as “CTs”, are pigments that exist naturally and play a vital role in the prevention of several brain illnesses. CTs are organic pigments with major significance in ND prevention. More than 600 CTs have been discovered in nature, and they may be found in a wide variety of creatures. Different forms of CTs are responsible for the red, yellow, and orange pigments seen in many animals and plants. Because of their unique structure, CTs exhibit a wide range of bioactive effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The preventive effects of CTs have led researchers to find a strong correlation between CT levels in the body and the avoidance and treatment of several ailments, including NDs. To further understand the connection between OS, neuroinflammation, and NDs, a literature review has been compiled. In addition, we have focused on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of CTs for the treatment and management of NDs.
According to the International Diabetes Federation's 2015 study, diabetes affects over 415 million people globally (5 million of whom die each year), and the incidence of diabetes is expected to climb to over 640 million (1 in 10) by 2040. (IDF 2015). Diabetes foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the most significant diabetic health consequences. Antimicrobial treatments, such as dressings, topical therapies, medicines, drugs, debridement procedures, molecular, cellular, and gene therapies, plant extracts, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, devices, ozone, and energy-based therapies, would be the focus of this study. Scopus, Web of Science, Bentham Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were among the sources used to compile the English-language publications on DFU. DFU treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes the use of proper diagnostic tools, competence, and experience. To prevent amputations, this starts with patient education and the use of new categories to steer treatment. New diagnostic methods, such as the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence in bacteria, should become available to acquire a better knowledge of the microbiota in DFUs.
Tatipamula et al.: Biological profile of R. leiodeaThe chemical investigation of acetone extract of manglicolous lichen Ramalina leiodea yielded three known metabolites, methyl 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methyl benzoate (1), haematommic acid (2) and ethyl haematommate (3), which are reported for the first time in this species. The acetone extract and the metabolites (1-3) were screened for antioxidant activity in α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and superoxide free radical assays, for antiinflammatory activity in pretein denaturation assay and for anticancer activity in sulforhodamine B assay on lung, head and neck, and cervical cancer cells. The results showed that compounds 2 and 3 depicted inhibitory profiles against 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical with an IC 50 of 40.0 and 40.5 µg/ml, respectively and caused protein denaturation with an IC 50 of 435 and 403 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 2 and 3 exhibited a significant degree of specificity against cervical, head and neck, and lung cancer cells, while these compounds showed little toxicity against normal human mammary epithelial cell line. In summary the manglicolous lichen Ramalina leiodea possessed free radical scavenging, antiinflammatory, and anticancer activities and the main metabolites responsible for these activities could be compounds 2 and 3.
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