Problems and disadvantages of some technical solutions concerning modern heat efficient exterior walls are considered herein under experience of engineering, construction and operation of residential and civil buildings in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Special attention is paid to defects in engineering and erection of three-layer walls, and functioning principles of all components of the wall are strictly fixed. Recommendation to increase maintenance-free service life by meeting special engineering requirements are given herein. Effect to increase buildings heat insulation is achieved by: reducing heat loss through separate enclosing structures and heat insulating shells of the building thereby enabling to reduce thermal power requirements; improving heat acceptability in rooms by decreasing rate of radiative and convective heat exchange in outer surface of enclosures; reducing environmental pollution due to air emissions reduction. Exterior wall insulation is the important element of the building heat balance. Many researchers in this field currently focus on analysis of series of residential buildings with different number of storeys made by engineering solutions for exterior walls to increase heat homogeneity thereof. Subject: main engineering solutions for heat efficient exterior walls. Objectives: three-layer wall constructed of masonry units; exterior three-layer wall within 121u panel series; three-layer wall of “Ventilated façade” system; façade heat insulation with plaster on lath; wall made of load-bearing structural insulating materials. Materials and methods: calculation of reduced total thermal resistance in exterior walls. Results: one of the most efficient methods to meet specific heat-shielding performance requirements is to increase heat homogeneity of the exterior wall. Conclusions: in the short term structural components of three-layer exterior walls are to be upgraded according to construction rules and regulations SNiP 23-02-2003 “Buildings Heat Insulation” thereby enabling the engineering solutions to meet the appropriate norms and rules.
A unified approach in solving equilibrium problems of standard cells of membrane structures made of various absolutely flexible materials, including anisotropic (orthotropic) materials is presented in this paper. The objects of study are rectangular membranes under various conditions of fixing and/or supporting. The problems were considered in a geometrically nonlinear formulation, with the deformations and the squares of the rotation angles thereunder being considered to be comparable with each other, but small compared to unity. A resolving system of differential equations in partial derivatives written in displacements is obtained therewith. These equations combining with the presented boundary conditions are numerical models of a number of fragments of real membrane structures. The closed nonlinear system of equations was integrated using the discrete braking method. Therewith both longitudinal and transverse vibrations of anisotropic masses were analyzed using a conditional dynamic model to select the initial values of the displacements. The problem of equilibrium of a square isotropic membrane with a free boundary under a uniformly distributed load is presented as an example. The resulting graphs and tables show the distribution of forces and displacements. They may be used for calculating membrane structures. The developed technique may be applied to those values of the initial parameters under which the calculations have not yet been made.
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