Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia affecting up to 70% of all patients with dementia. Currently, the relevance of this neurodegenerative disease has increased due to its prevalence and lack of etiological and effective treatment. The consequence of this is an increase in the number of studies and scientific works aimed at studying this disease. The aim of the study was to analyze and systematize data on the prevalence, socioeconomic significance, theories of origin, as well as the role of pathogenic proteins in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The authors searched for information in electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, with scientific papers and articles from the last 25 years on such key terms as Alzheimer's disease, β-amyloid, tau-peptide, metals, inflammation, S100 proteins. There are more than 56 million people with Alzheimer's disease in the world and the risk increases with age. Among the causes of death, Alzheimer's disease ranks sixth, and the costs of care about person with this diagnosis are three times higher than for other diseases in the same age group. That is why this issue has significant socio-economic significance. Many hypotheses have emerged in recent decades. For a long time, the theory of β-amyloid aggregation and the theory of tau protein were considered main, but later the priorities began to change. It has been found that the presence of pathogenic microorganisms can pose a risk for Alzheimer's disease. Also, some studies indicate the role of acetylcholine in the development of the disease, however, clinical trials have not confirmed this. There is a violation of metal homeostasis, which contributes to cognitive deficits and the development of neurodegeneration. Microglia, astrocytes and neurons are involved in the inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease. There is a vicious circle when Aβ causes vascular insufficiency, which in turn leads to an increase in Aβ accumulation. Also there is evidence of a direct relationship between oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction. Undoubtedly, pathogenic proteins, including Aβ-peptide, tau-peptide and proteins of the S100 family, play a leading role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Despite numerous studies, the causal or consequential role of various pathological factors and changes in Alzheimer's disease is still ambiguous and inconsistent. All this gives grounds for further scientific research in this direction.

Meningiomas are the most common non-glial tumours of the central nervous system characterized by pathological biomineralization. The work aimed to conduct bibliometric analysis and systematize data on the prevalence, etiology, morphology and main trends in the study of meningiomas with calcification. The authors searched for information on meningiomas in electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar for the past 25 years by the key terms such as meningiomas, calcifications, and psammoma bodies. For bibliometric analysis, the authors used an online platform to monitor and analyze international research using visualization tools and modern citation metrics SciVal (Scopus) and a tool for building and visualizing bibliometric networks VOSviewer. Pathological biomineralization is manifested through the formation of psammoma bodies, and the main mineral component is calcium hydroxyapatite. Although calcification is likely to play a protective role and be a favourable prognostic feature, it should be considered when choosing surgical tactics. There is also the problem of closing the defects of the dura mater with the help of biological and synthetic transplants. According to the bibliometric analysis of scientific literature on meningiomas and the phenomena of pathological biomineralization in them, we found that the number of publications on this topic had increased significantly over the past five years, the leading countries of origin are the United States, Japan and China. When researching the array of Scopus database publications using SciVal tools, the problem of meningioma calcification was divided into 61 topics and 24 thematic clusters, the vast majority of which belonged to medicine and biology and materials science. According to the results of bibliometric analysis of 678 publications in the Scopus database by keywords "calcification" and "meningioma", they can be divided into seven thematic clusters and four chronological stages. Despite the prevalence of meningioma calcification, there is currently no fundamental idea of ​​the etiology and pathogenesis of this process. Studying the morphological features of meningiomas with calcification can help improve the diagnosis and treatment of the central nervous system tumours.

Висвітлено основні досягнення та ключові завдання продуктивного розвитку економіки світу, зокрема розглянуто приклад розвитку Казахстану в порівнянні з Україною. Обґрунтовано основні напрями і заходи щодо забезпечення макроекономічної стабілізації, по вдосконаленню грошовокредитної і бюджетно-податкової політики держав. Розкрито основні перспективи розвитку світової економіки. Показано основні проблеми й можливості становлення наукоємної економіки в Казахстані й Україні. Відображено напрями та заходи по створенню нової Євразійської логістичної інфраструктури як бази розширення можливостей транзитного потенціалу сучасних країн. Запропоновано заходи щодо модернізації ринку праці як головного пріоритету формування наукомісткої економіки держави. Успішна реалізація структурних економічних реформ-це, як відомо, необхідна умова для досягнення більш стійкого та інклюзивного економічного зростання в майбутньому. Доведено, що поточні структурні та інституційні економічні реформи повинні бути спрямовані на перехід від існуючої моделі економічного зростання, яка орієнтована на нафту (це загалом стосується Казахстану), і провідну роль у якій відіграє державний сектор, до моделі, що сприяє розвиткові активного, сучасного та інноваційного сектора, шляхом зменшення ролі держави в сучасній економіці. Здійснено аналіз пοказника ВВП, що становить дοслідження сοціальнο-екοнοмічнοгο рοзвитку країни. Аналіз йοгο динаміки в Україні, в пοєднанні з іншими макрοекοнοмічними пοказниками, дає підстави зрοбити обгрунтуванні виснοвки, щο вітчизняна екοнοміка перебуває в стадії глибοкοї кризи, яка супрοвοджується стагфляцією.

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