Soil fungi are known to contain a rich variety of defense metabolites that allow them to compete with other organisms (fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and insects) and help them occupy more preferential areas at the expense of effective antagonism. These compounds possess antibiotic activity towards a wide range of other microbes, particularly fungi that belong to different taxonomical units. These compounds include peptaibols, which are non-ribosomal synthesized polypeptides containing non-standard amino acid residues (alpha-aminoisobutyric acid mandatory) and some posttranslational modifications. We isolated a novel antibiotic peptide from the culture medium of Emericellopsis alkalina, an alkalophilic strain. This peptide, called emericellipsin A, exhibited a strong antifungal effect against the yeast Candida albicans, the mold fungus Aspergillus niger, and human pathogen clinical isolates. It also exhibited antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, emericellipsin A showed a significant cytotoxic effect and was highly active against Hep G2 and HeLa tumor cell lines. We used NMR spectroscopy to reveal that this peptaibol is nine amino acid residues long and contains non-standard amino acids. The mode of molecular action of emericellipsin A is most likely associated with its effects on the membranes of cells. Emericellipsin A is rather short peptaibol and could be useful for the development of antifungal, antibacterial, or anti-tumor remedies.

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2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) is a well-known bacterial secondary metabolite, however, its mechanism of inhibitory and subinhibitory action on bacterial cells is still poorly understood. The mechanism of 2,4-DAPG action on model bacterial strains was investigated using fluorescent spectroscopy and the action of the antibiotic was found to involve a rapid increase in membrane permeability that was accompanied by a reduction in its viability in nutrient-poor medium. At the same time, antibacterial action in nutrient-rich medium developed for several hours. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated time-dependent disturbances in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli when exposed to 2,4-DAPG, while Staphylococcusaureus cells have been visualized with signs of intracellular leakage. In addition, 2,4-DAPG inhibited the metabolic activity of S. aureus and E. coli bacterial cells in mature biofilms. Observed differences in the antibiofilm activity were dependent upon antibiotic concentration. The intracellular targets of the action of 2,4-DAPG were assessed using bacterial biosensors with inducible bioluminescence corresponding to DNA and protein damage. It was unable to register any positive response from either sensor. As a result, the bactericidal action of 2,4-DAPG is believed to be associated with the destruction of the bacterial barrier structures. The subinhibitory effect of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol was tested on quorum-sensing mediated processes in Pectobacterium carotovorum. Subinhibitory concentrations of 2,4-DAPG were found to lower the biosynthesis of acyl-homoserine lactones in P. carotovorum in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation elucidated that 2,4-DAPG inhibits the metabolic activity of bacteria without affecting their viability.

Discovery of a novel bacteriocin is always an event in sciences, since cultivation of most bacterial species is a general problem in microbiology. This statement is reflected by the fact that number of bacteriocins is smaller for tenfold comparing to known antimicrobial peptides. We cultivated Enterococcus faecium on simplified medium to reduce amount of purification steps. This approach allows to purify the novel heavy weight bacteriocin produced by E. faecium ICIS 7. The novelty of this bacteriocin, named enterocin-7, was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing and by comparing the structural-functional properties with available data. Purified enterocin-7 is characterized by a sequence of amino acid residues having no homology in UniProt/SwissProt/TrEMBL databases: NH2 - Asp - Ala - His - Leu - Ser - Glu - Val - Ala - Glu - Arg - Phe - Glu - Asp - Leu - Gly. Isolated thermostable protein has a molecular mass of 65 kDa, which allows it to be classified into class III in bacteriocin classification schemes. Enterocin-7 displayed a broad spectrum of activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Fluorescent microscopy and spectroscopy showed the permeabilizing mechanism of the action of enterocin-7, which is realized within a few minutes.

Natural peptides with antimicrobial activity are extremely diverse, and peptide synthesis technologies make it possible to significantly improve their properties for specific tasks. Here, we investigate the biological properties of the natural peptide indolicidin and the indolicidin-derived novel synthetic peptide In-58. In-58 was generated by replacing all tryptophan residues on phenylalanine in D-configuration; the α-amino group in the main chain also was modified by unsaturated fatty acid. Compared with indolicidin, In-58 is more bactericidal, more resistant to proteinase K, and less toxic to mammalian cells. Using molecular physics approaches, we characterized the action of In-58 on bacterial cells at the cellular level. Also, we have found that studied peptides damage bacterial membranes. Using the Escherichia coli luminescent biosensor strain MG1655 (pcolD'::lux), we investigated the action of indolicidin and In-58 at the subcellular level. At subinhibitory concentrations, indolicidin and In-58 induced an SOS response. Our data suggest that indolicidin damages the DNA, but bacterial membrane perturbation is its principal mode of action. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The obtained results expand the perception of the role of haemoglobin in a living system, describing it as a source of multifunction substances. Additionally, the data presented in this paper may contribute to the development of new, cost-effective, antimicrobial agents.

The presence of aggregates of various sizes in the soil is an important condition for soil carbon sequestration. In this system, microbial biomass is a key link. This work was devoted to the study of the influence of land use systems on the distribution of SOС, MB-SIR, microbial activity and eco-physiological indices (qCO 2 , QR, MB-SIR/SOС and qCO 2 /SOС) in relation to the size of soil aggregates. The distribution of SOС, MB-SIR and mineralization activity among the aggregates was heterogeneous. In the soil of crop rotation, high mineralization activity and MB-SIR were found in the aggregates 0.5-0.1 mm, in the monoculture soil in aggregates <0.1 mm and in the control soil in the aggregates 1-0.25 mm. There was a general trend towards a decrease in microbial activity, MB-SIR and SOС availability with an increase in aggregate size. In agricultural soils, microbial activity was determined by large aggregates (>5 mm), while in the control soil, by the aggregates 5-1 mm. Depending on the type of site and the size of aggregates, the differences in microbial metabolism were revealed. The qCO 2 and QR values decreased, and the MB-SIR/SOС and qCO 2 /SOС increased in the series: control soil > crop rotation > monoculture. In the control soil, the values of the ecophysiological indices decreased with decreasing aggregate size. And vice versa, in agricultural soils, these parameters were the highest in the microaggregates (<0.25 mm). The monoculture soil, in contrast to the control soil and crop rotation soil, turned out to be more energy efficient.

Bacterial intercellular communication mediated by small diffusible molecules, known as quorum sensing (QS), is a common mechanism for regulating bacterial colonisation strategies and survival. In uence on QS by plant-derived molecules is proposed as a strategy for combating phytopathogens by modulating their virulence. This work builds upon other studies that have revealed plant-derived QS inhibitors extracted from oak bark (Quercus sp.). It was found that co-incubation of Pectobacterium carotovorum VKM-B-1247 with oak bark extract (OBE) reduced the production of acyl-HSL. This was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in the bacterial cellulolytic and protease activity. The effect of OBE treatment at the transcriptomic level is the suppression of the main QS-related genes expR / expI. Potato tubers pretreated with OBE showed resistance to a manifestation of soft-rot symptoms. Analysis of the component composition of the OBE identi ed several biologically active molecules, such as n-hexadecanoic acid, 2,6di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), gamma-sitosterol, lupeol, and others.Molecular docking of the binding energy of the identi ed molecules with homology models of LuxR-LuxI type proteins showed high potential binding of a few plant-derived molecules to these proteins.