Health literacy, a more complex concept than knowledge, is a required capacity to obtain, understand, integrate and act on health information [1], in order to enhance individual and community health, which is defined by different levels, according to the autonomy and personal capacitation in decision making [2]. Medium levels of Health literacy in an adolescent population were found in a study conducted in 2013/2014, being higher in sexual and reproductive health and lower in substance use. It was also noticed that the higher levels of health literacy were in the area adolescents refer to have receipt more health information. The health literacy competence with higher scores was communication skills, and the lower scores were in the capacity to analyze factors that influence health. Higher levels were also found in younger teenagers, but in a higher school level, confirming the importance of health education in these age and development stage. Adolescents seek more information in health professionals and parents, being friends more valued as a source information in older adolescents, which enhance the importance of peer education mainly in older adolescents [3]. As a set of competences based on knowledge, health literacy should be developed through education interventions, encompassing the cultural and social context of individuals, since the society, culture and education system where the individual is inserted can define the way the development and enforcement of the health literacy competences [4]. The valued sources of information should be taken into account, as well as needs of information in some topics referred by adolescents in an efficient health education. Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental illness which has a profound effect on the health and well-being related with the well-known nature of psychotic symptoms. The exercise has the potential to improve the life of people with schizophrenia improving physical health and alleviating psychiatric symptoms. However, most people with schizophrenia remains sedentary and lack of access to exercise programs are barriers to achieve health benefits. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of exercise on I) the type of intervention in mental health, II) in salivary levels of alpha-amylase and cortisol and serum levels of S100B and BDNF, and on III) the quality of life and selfperception of the physical domain of people with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 31 females in long-term institutions in the Casa de Saúde Rainha Santa Isabel, with age between 25 and 63, and with diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Physical fitness was assessed by the six-minute walk distance test (6MWD). Biological variables were determined by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Psychological variables were assessed using SF-36, PSPP-SCV, RSES and SWLS tests. Walking exercise has a positive impact on physical fitness (6MWD -p = 0.001) and physical components of the psychological test...
a b s t r a c tParticipation has featured in political agendas in recent decades and the domain of healthcare has not been indifferent to its appeal. Although emerging later than in other European regions, the involvement of civil society in healthcare decision-making procedures has proved one of the biggest challenges facing Southern European health systems. The health systems of the countries considered in this analysis e Italy, Portugal and Spain e underwent reforms that brought citizen participation to the forefront of the health system. Through national laws or health plans, each of these countries has recognised the need to promote participation in order to 'give a voice' to citizens in the health sector. Accordingly, a range of significant activities have been implemented in the region, although they have been developed unequally within national territories, at different paces and involving the mobilisation of different actors. This article focuses on the most relevant experiences of citizen participation designed and implemented in the three selected countries, describing their key features and potential, as well as the main critical issues and contradictions that have emerged over time. Particular emphasis is given to the impact of the current financial crisis on Southern European national health systems, especially in terms of participatory methods, the way in which citizen participation is progressing and civil society's reaction to these important changes.
ResumoAs questões em torno da participação cidadã tornaram-se indiscutivelmente centrais na análise dos processos públicos de decisão das sociedades ditas democráticas. Uma das maiores dificuldades tem, no entanto, residido na ampla definição das modalidades participativas a considerar neste domínio. Neste trabalho assume-se que as ações de protesto são uma modalidade legítima de participar nos processos públicos de decisão. Analisa-se, para tal, o processo de encerramento de blocos de parto em Portugal, uma das medidas da recente reestruturação dos serviços de saúde materno-infantil, executada entre Maio de 2006 e Dezembro de 2007, e as consequentes ações de protesto encetadas pelas populações das localidades afetadas pela medida. Avalia-se a forma como a implementação não informada e participada de uma medida focada em critérios como segurança e qualidade da prestação de cuidados de saúde pode, mesmo assim, desencadear movimentos de contestação, sobretudo enquanto estratégia dos cidadãos para participar na (re)formulação de uma política pública. Palavras-chave: Participação cidadã; Políticas de saúde materno-infantil; Acções de protesto; Encerramento de blocos de parto.
Resumo Nas últimas décadas, os dispositivos de participação pública têm registado um crescimento exponencial. Estes procedimentos podem assumir uma diversidade de configurações, gerando um número de questões teóricas e práticas. A partir da análise de dois estudos de caso - grupos de discussão sobre nanotecnologias em Coimbra, Portugal, e Conselhos de Saúde em Belo Horizonte, Brasil - este artigo oferece uma reflexão sobre as questões políticas e metodológicas relacionadas com a conceção e implementação de procedimentos participativos. A análise explora a emergência do cidadão participativo, associado a capacidades e formas de conhecimento que permitem a intervenção em espaços deliberativos. Argumenta-se que os dispositivos participativos e os processos de subjetivação estão interligados, dialogando-se com as reflexões de Foucault sobre subjetividade e com abordagens pós-humanistas no âmbito dos Estudos Sociais de Ciência e Tecnologia. Os dois estudos de caso ilustram como os procedimentos participativos geram novas capacidades epistémicas, retóricas e normativas associadas à habilitação e subjetivação dos participantes. Dessa forma, o artigo explora os aspetos políticos das práticas, metodologias e processos que suportam o envolvimento de cidadãos em ciência, tecnologia e saúde, contribuindo para a desnaturalização do sujeito participativo e para o reconhecimento da dimensão performativa das ciências sociais.
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