Emission factors of carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorodibenzodioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the combustion of a mixture of pine needles and cones in a residential stove. Furthermore, several combustion experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale reactor: pine needles were burnt at 500 and 850 °C, and pine cones were burnt at 500 and 850 °C. In the laboratory reactor, combustion at 500 °C yielded the highest PAH level for both combustions at 500 °C. A large decrease in the total yield for PAHs was observed in the combustion in the residential stove. Pine needles and cones were analyzed for PCDD/F content to establish the level of pollutant in the samples themselves. The combustion of the mixture (pine needles þ pine cones) in the residential stove produced the highest PCDD/F toxicity equivalent (TEQ) emission factor that is several times higher than the PCDD/F concentration of the extracted materials.

Experimental isobaric vapor-liquid-liquid and vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system water (1) -cyclohexane (2) -isooctane (3) and the quaternary system water (1) -ethanol (2) -cyclohexane (3) -isooctane (4) were measured at 101.3 kPa. An all-glass, dynamic recirculating still equipped with an ultrasonic homogenizer was used to determine the VLLE. The results obtained show that the system does not present quaternary azeotropes. The point-by-point method by Wisniak for testing the thermodynamic consistency of isobaric measurements was used to test the equilibrium data.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Experimental isobaric vapor–liquid–liquid and vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLLE and VLE) data for the ternary system water (1)–hexane (2)–toluene (3) and the quaternary system water (1)–ethanol (2)–hexane (3)–toluene (4) were measured at 101.3 kPa. An all-glass, dynamic recirculating still equipped with an ultrasonic homogenizer was used to determine the VLLE. The results obtained show that the system does not present quaternary azeotropes. The point-by-point method by Wisniak for testing the thermodynamic consistency of isobaric measurements was used to test the equilibrium data.

No abstract

No abstract