Emission factors of carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorodibenzodioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the combustion of a mixture of pine needles and cones in a residential stove. Furthermore, several combustion experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale reactor: pine needles were burnt at 500 and 850 °C, and pine cones were burnt at 500 and 850 °C. In the laboratory reactor, combustion at 500 °C yielded the highest PAH level for both combustions at 500 °C. A large decrease in the total yield for PAHs was observed in the combustion in the residential stove. Pine needles and cones were analyzed for PCDD/F content to establish the level of pollutant in the samples themselves. The combustion of the mixture (pine needles þ pine cones) in the residential stove produced the highest PCDD/F toxicity equivalent (TEQ) emission factor that is several times higher than the PCDD/F concentration of the extracted materials.
Experimental isobaric vapor-liquid-liquid and vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system water (1) -cyclohexane (2) -isooctane (3) and the quaternary system water (1) -ethanol (2) -cyclohexane (3) -isooctane (4) were measured at 101.3 kPa. An all-glass, dynamic recirculating still equipped with an ultrasonic homogenizer was used to determine the VLLE. The results obtained show that the system does not present quaternary azeotropes. The point-by-point method by Wisniak for testing the thermodynamic consistency of isobaric measurements was used to test the equilibrium data.
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