The National Alcohol Program (Proálcool) was a strategic policy of the Brazilian government to replace petroleum-based fuels with alcohol (ethanol). Based on the review, we can choose the 1960s as a start point for a leap in development. Over the 500 years of sugarcane history in Brazil, the crop enters the second decade of the 21 st century with extraordinary strength and prestige, reaching its highest production in history. This made Brazil a leader in sugar and ethanol productions worldwide, with an energy-independent agribusiness. Moreover, effluents and polluting wastes were transformed into high-value inputs (e.g., vinasse, filter cake, and others). Environmentally friendly actions included developing organic cane production technology, ceasing sugarcane field burning, relocating workers from field cutting activities, reducing atmospheric CO 2 emissions. Besides, Brazilian agribusiness has led the search for the "philosopher's stone," that is, transforming pulp or bagasse (polysaccharides) into fermentable sugar for secondgeneration ethanol production. This paper aimed to present the history and development of the Proálcool Program from decade to decade, as well as showing the actions that led Brazil to assume such significant leadership. This survey highlights the roles of the government, through the Sugar and Alcohol Institute, and of the agronomist Dr Gilberto Miller Azzi, who lent his name to the central building of the Center for Agricultural Sciences-UFSCar's Araras campus.
The expansion of capitalism led to an intensification of problems, mainly of a social nature, which led to degrading processes of exploitation and exclusion of large human contingencies, depriving individuals of basic capacities and fundamental rights. Among these problems we can highlight social inequality, which is perceived through the exponential increase of differences between classes, lack of access to quality education and difficulty access to basic services, also triggered by this lack of human capacity due to absences of freedoms policies, economic facilities, social opportunities, guarantees of transparency and protective security. The objective of this work is to raise demands for social innovation in the city of Sousa, Paraíba. This is an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative research, carried out through a questionnaire composed of 20 objective questions, based on the categories Health, Income / Labor and Education, addressed by the HDI, applied in a sample of 371 Bolsa Família recipients, program of the Federal Government. The results obtained reveal several demands in the areas addressed, such as not having outpatient care near family residences, attending the dentist only in cases of need, not having a basic sanitation structure, not having future expectations regarding the labor market, presenting high unemployment, to know children engaged in some work activity, to show interest in entering higher education, showing the social dysfunctions caused by organizational practices, combined with the apparent absence of effective public policies. In conclusion, potential possibilities of developing social innovation were pointed out in consonance with the results obtained.
Lipschütz ulcer (UL) was described in 1913 by Benjamin Lipschütz. It has unknown etiology. Among the clinical manifestations, pain, edema and local lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, myalgia and odynophagia are of particular emphasis. Differential diagnoses include infectious diseases, neoplasia, trauma, and sexual abuse. We reported a case of a 14-year-old girl who developed genital ulcer preceded by general nonspecific symptoms. Investigations excluded infectious and inflammatory diseases. Other common causes were also excluded. By eliminating other ethologies and presenting all the diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of UL was established. The patient presented significant and progressive clinical improvement and was discharged in good general condition, with regression lesion.
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