Five glasses in the CaO−SiO2 binary system with different silica content (50−90% in mol)
have been prepared by the sol−gel method. The referred glasses have been characterized
by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy
dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showing clear differences in composition and specific surface
and porosity between those glasses with low SiO2 content (50−70% in mol) and those with
high SiO2 content (80−90% in mol). The in vitro bioactivity study of all glasses prepared
were carried out by soaking in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. The FTIR, XRD, SEM,
and EDS analysis of the surface of these glasses after the in vitro assays reveal the formation
of a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer. The formation process of this layer on the glass
is a function of the glass composition. The rate of formation increases in those glasses with
lower SiO2 (50−70% in mol).
This paper presents an experimental study to characterize the mechanical behaviour of bituminous mixtures containing high rates of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Two semidense mixtures of 12 and 20 mm maximum aggregate size and containing 40 and 60% RAP, respectively (S-12 and S-20, in accordance with Spanish specifications), which were used for rehabilitation of a highway section, were evaluated. First, the effect of RAP variability on the recycled mixtures was analyzed. Their mechanical properties were then studied by determining the stiffness modulus and indirect tensile strength and cracking and fatigue behaviour. Results show that high rates of recycled material can generally be incorporated into bituminous mixes by proper characterization and handling of RAP stockpiles.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to review the research on organizational teams. The aim is delimiting the conceptual space of effectiveness and determining team-level measurement issues. Design/methodology/approach -A range of published works, which analyse the different variables of effectiveness for each type of team, is reviewed (the most used effectiveness criteria are shown in a table). According to the existence of different types of teams -work team, parallel team, project team and management team -the authors assess what variables and measures are more appropriate according to team type, analyse the problems in gathering data and measuring in this level of analysis and, finally, offer a proposal of measurement issues for future research. Findings -The authors conclude that effectiveness is a multidimensional concept with three dimensions: performance, attitudinal outcomes, and behavioural outcomes. Regarding team-level measurement issues, the authors also conclude that there is a need to use multiple data sources and multimethod analyses incorporating consensus and aggregation methods, as well as observation and key informants. Practical implications -The results of this work can support future research on teams. Although considerable headway has been made in the team effectiveness studies, there are things that still need to be done. The paper shows that a more complete measure of effectiveness must be developed, according to the three dimensions: performance, attitudinal outcomes, and behavioural outcomes. Originality/value -The paper is a comprehensive review and provides a basis for researchers in the area of effective teams.
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