In subtropical or tropical conditions, the insufficient winter chill accumulation is often a limiting factor to break the dormancy of temperate-climate species such as the blackberry, which requires using products to help break dormancy. This study evaluates the efficacy of compounds in breaking dormancy of blackberry and its consequent influence on phenology and crop yields. The experiment was conducted in São Manuel, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in the 2011/2012 production cycle. The plants used were two-year-old "Tupy" blackberry (Rubus spp.), with 0.6 × 4.0 m spacing (4.166 plants·ha −1 ). Pruning was performed in August, followed by the application of these treatments: control (water); hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex ® ); nitrogen fertilizer (Erger ® ) and mineral oil (Assist ® ). The concentrations of each compound used were: 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0% and 8.0%. The compounds used influenced the budding, flowering and fruit harvest stages, in addition to providing increased yields depending on the concentration used. For hydrogen cyanamide the recommended concentration is of 4.2% and 5.4% for nitrogen fertilizer; doses above these concentrations may cause phytotoxic effects. For mineral oil the dose recommended is of 8.0%.
RESUMO -O período de colheita de amora-preta ocorre de novembro a fevereiro nos estados do Sul do Brasil, onde se concentra a maior área de cultivo do País. Sabendo-se que frutas ofertadas fora do pico da safra possuem preços mais vantajosos, objetivou-se escalonar a colheita da amoreira-preta através da realização da poda hibernal em diferentes épocas, levando-se em conta o número de horas de frio e os grausdia acumulados. O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, no município de São Manuel-SP. Foram utilizadas plantas de amoreira-preta "Tupy", de 3 anos de idade, conduzidas em 4 hastes principais, em espaldeira em T, com 1,2 metro de altura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o esquema fatorial 2x5, constando de 2 sistemas de cultivo (não irrigado e irrigado) e de 5 tratamentos (épocas de poda: 20-05, 26-06, 24-07, 23-08 e 26-09), com repetições em blocos. A irrigação não alterou a duração do ciclo da amoreira-preta, mas proporcionou aumento na produtividade, independentemente das épocas de poda. Quanto maior o número de horas de frio acumulado, menor o ciclo e menor a necessidade em graus-dia da amoreira-preta 'Tupy'. A poda hibernal realizada em 20-05 proporcionou um pico de colheita de amora-preta em meados de setembro, em São Manuel -SP. Termos para indexação: Rubus sp, produção, graus-dia, ciclo, qualidade. THERMAL REQUIREMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY IN BLACKBERRY-FUNCTION TIMES OF PRUNINGABSTRACT -November and February are the harvest season for blackberry at the southern states of Brazil, where is the largest cultivation area in the country. It is Known that the fruit offered outside the harvest season has higher prices, so the present study aimed to stagger the harvest season for blackberry, by performing the winter pruning at different time, taking into account the number of hours exposed to cold temperatures and accumulated degree-days. This study was conducted at the Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, at São Manuel-SP. It was used blackberry plants cv. Tupy, 3 years old, conducted in 4 main stems in espalier in T, with 1.2 meters high. The experimental design was a 2x5 factorial arrangement, with two cropping systems (irrigated and non-irrigated) and 5 treatments (pruning times: 05/20, 06/26, 07/24, 08/23 and 09/26) with blocks repetitions. Irrigation did not alter the cycle of blackberry, but resulted in higher productivity independent of pruning time. The higher the number of chilling hours accumulated, the lower the cycle and the need for day-degrees of the blackberry 'Tupy'. The winter pruning held on 05/20 provided the highest blackberry harvest in mid-September, at São Manuel -SP.
O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, localizada no município de São Manuel-SP. Foram avaliadas amoreiras-pretas da cultivar Tupy com 1 ano de idade, conduzidas em quatro hastes, no sistema de espaldeira em T, com 1,2 metro de altura. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 0,6 m entre plantas x 4,0 metros entre linhas e a densidade de plantio de 4.166 plantas.ha-1. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições, 15 tratamentos, e a parcela experimental composta por duas plantas, rodeadas por bordadura. Em 27 de julho de 2010, efetuaram-se a poda de produção e a quebra de dormência das plantas. Para tanto, foram testadas as seguintes doses de Dormex® (49% de cianamida hidrogenada): T1=0,0%; T2=1,5%,; T3=3,0%; T4=4,5%, e T5=6,0%, de Bioalho® (70% de extrato de alho): T6=0,0%; T7=2,0%; T8=4,0%; T9=6,0%, e T10=8,0% e de Stimulate® (0,005% de auxina, 0,005% de giberelina e 0,009% de citocinina): T11=0,0%; T12=2,0%; T13=4,0%; T14=6,0%, e T15=8,0% . Avaliaram-se a fenologia e a produtividade da amoreira-preta 'Tupy' em função dos reguladores e das doses utilizadas. A quebra de dormência efetuada com cianamida hidrogenada, nas doses de 3,0, 4,5% e 6,0%, antecipou e uniformizou a brotação e florescimento, além proporcionar os maiores valores de porcentagem de brotação e produtividade, sendo estas as melhores doses do regulador vegetal para cultura cultivada na região. Os tratamentos em que se utilizaram extrato de alho e Stimulate® apresentaram dados de brotação e produtividade muito inferiores, quando comparados aos apresentados pelos tratamentos em que se aplicou cianamida hidrogenada. Assim, fazem-se necessários novos estudos em busca de reguladores vegetais alternativos que sejam tão eficazes quanto à cianamida hidrogenada.
Peach trees are temperate climate fruit trees most planted in subtropical and tropical regions. This advance of the peach crop is mainly due to the introduction of less cold-demanding new cultivar varieties and which require using less specific techniques, such as plant growth regulators and pruning. Within this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate phenological aspects and the yield potential of the cultivars Granada, Aurora-1, Dourado-2, Douradao, Big-Aurora, Marli and Chiripá, grafted onto the "Okinawa" rootstock, planted in the region of Sao Manuel-SP, during two cultivation cycles. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 replicates, with the experimental unit represented by two plants."Granada" had early harvest in mid-September, and "Chiripá" in late November and early December, in which the former was the early-ripening cultivar and the latter was the late-ripening one. "Aurora-1" and "Dourado-2", had the highest yield values, 18.95 and 16.57 t•ha −1 respectively, followed by "BigAurora" with yield values of 12.13 t•ha −1 . For subtropical regions, such as São Manuel-SP, less colddemanding cultivars are recommended, such as Aurora-1, Dourado-2 and Big-Aurora. The planting of early-and late-ripening varieties, such as Granada and Chiripá, respectively, is an interesting alternative for producers wanting to scale their production.
Several alternative methods for fruit sanitization have been studied to extend the post-harvest life. Here we investigated whether the sanitization with ozone influences the content of some bioactive compounds during 'Roxinho of Kenya' passion fruit post-harvest. The fruit were immersed in ozonated water, stored at room temperature or under refrigeration for 30 days. Total carotenoids, total phenols, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity in fruit pulp were analyzed. Ozone sanitization did not influenced in the total carotenoids content of fruits stored at room temperature or after immersion for 10 min. in ozonated water and stored in a cold chamber. Sanitization had no influence on total phenol or flavonoid content until day 10 of storage at both temperatures. There was no definite tendency of the ozone action in the ascorbic acid levels or antioxidant activity. There was no microbiological contamination during the storage. The ozone combined with room temperature was unable to maintain the passion fruit post-harvest life and quality. The best conservation method to retain the bioactive levels in 'Roxinho of Kenya' passion fruit is the combination of ozone sanitization for 5 min. and stored in cold chamber for 10 days.
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