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Dietary patterns before pregnancy may be associated with depressive symptomatology during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns before pregnancy and to examine the association between these dietary patterns and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. A prospective cohort of 248 healthy pregnant women were followed at 5-13, 20-26, and 30-36 gestational weeks. Dietary intake was obtained by using a food-frequency questionnaire administered between 5 and 13 gestational weeks, which referred to the 6 mo preceding gestation, and factor analysis (principal components) was applied to identify dietary patterns. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale (EPDS) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms during 3 follow-up pregnancy points. A multiple linear mixed-effects model was applied to verify the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms adjusted for obstetric factors, socioeconomic status, and energy intake. Three prepregnancy dietary patterns were identified: common-Brazilian, healthy, and processed. Together, these patterns explained 36.1% of the total percentage of variance; the eigenvalues were 2.88, 2.12, and 1.86, respectively. Mean depressive symptom scores were 9.0 (95% CI: 8.4, 9.6), 7.2 (95% CI: 6.5, 7.8), and 7.0 (95% CI: 6.4, 7.7) for trimesters 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The rate of decrease in depressive symptoms was -0.088/wk (95% CI: -0.115, -0.061; P < 0.001). In the multiple longitudinal linear regression model, the healthy dietary pattern before pregnancy was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (β:-0.723; 95% CI: -1.277, -0.169; P = 0.011). High adherence to the healthy pattern before pregnancy was associated with lower EPDS scores during pregnancy in women from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Objective: To identify dietary patterns among adolescents and to assess their association with socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics and nutritional status. Methods: A probabilistic clustered two-stage sample of students between 14 and 19 years old from public and private high schools from Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, was investigated (n = 1.139). A selfadministered food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on food intake. Nutritional status was classified according to the Body Mass Index (BMI = weight/height 2 ) z-score. Socioeconomic status was inferred by the education level of head of household and by the presence of electrical appliances in the household. Dietary patterns were identified by applying exploratory factor analysis (extraction method: principal component analysis) and their relationship with socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle variables, and nutritional status was estimated by mutually adjusted multilinear regression models. Results: "Western", "traditional" and "mixed" dietary patterns were identified. Studying in the morning hours and reporting the intake of alcoholic beverages were associated with greater adherence to the "Western" pattern. Male low-income students from public schools who have a BMI in the normal range preferred the "traditional" pattern. The "mixed" pattern was adopted by boys from public schools reporting physical activity. Conclusion: Several factors were associated with dietary patterns of adolescents and the Brazilian traditional diet was associated with normal weight.

Objective: Sociodemographic factors may affect adherence to specific dietary patterns during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy and associated factors among Brazilian pregnant women. Design: A cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake was evaluated with a semiquantitative FFQ during the first postpartum week; the time frame included the second and third gestational trimesters. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy. Sociodemographic data were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Multiple linear regressions were applied to test the associations between the sociodemographic factors and dietary patterns. Setting: Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011. Subjects: Postpartum women (n 327) who were 18-45 years of age and Mesquita residents. Results: Three different dietary patterns were identified: 'healthy' (mainly comprising legumes, vegetables and fruits), 'mixed' (mainly comprising candy, butter and margarine, and snacks) and 'traditional' (mainly comprising beans and rice). Women with a higher monthly per capita family income (β = 0·0006; 95 % CI 0·0001, 0·001; P = 0·011) and women of older age (β = 0·021; 95 % CI −0·001, 0·042; P = 0·058) were more likely to adhere to the 'healthy' dietary pattern. Women with higher parity were less likely to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern (β = − 0·097; 95 % CI −0·184, −0·009; P = 0·030) and were more likely to adhere to the 'traditional' pattern (β = 0·098; 95 % CI 0·021, 0·175; P = 0·012). Although not statistically significant, older women were less likely to adhere to the 'mixed' (β = − 0·017; 95 % CI −0·037, 0·003; P = 0·075) and 'traditional' (β = − 0·018; 95 % CI −0·037, 0·001; P = 0·061) dietary patterns. Conclusions: Monthly per capita family income, parity and maternal age were factors associated with adherence to a healthy diet during pregnancy.

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