The type 2 isoform of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD2), which inactivates cortisol (F) to cortisone (E), has been suggested to play a role in the ontogeny of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis and also protect the developing fetus from the deleterious effects of circulating maternal glucocorticoids. The abundance of 11beta-HSD2 in the placenta and other fetal tissues was inferred from the F/E ratio in 17 term deliveries in both umbilical arterial (1.73 +/- 0.24, mean +/- SE) and umbilical venous blood (1.16 +/- 0.14) compared with adult peripheral venous blood (7.76 +/- 0.57, n = 70). Using sensitive assays for 11beta-HSD2 and an in-house human 11beta-HSD2 antibody, the expression and activity of this enzyme in fresh frozen human placenta increased progressively from first (8-12 weeks, n = 16) and second (13-20 weeks, n = 9) to third trimester (term) pregnancies (39-40 weeks, n = 50). Placental 11beta-HSD2 activity was significantly reduced in deliveries complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) [25-36 weeks, n = 12, activity 380 pmol/mg/h median (225-671; 95% confidence interval)], compared with the term deliveries [888 (725-1362)] and with appropriately grown pre-term deliveries [27-36 weeks, n = 14, activity 810 (585-1269)], P < 0.05. In human pregnancy placental 11beta-HSD2 activity increases markedly in the third trimester of pregnancy at a time when maternal circulating levels of glucocorticoid are rising. The finding of attenuated placental 11beta-HSD2 activity in IUGR suggests that glucocorticoids may, in part, contribute to impaired fetal growth and that this is closely controlled in normal gestation through placental 11beta-HSD2 expression.

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Objectives To correlate the severity of the disease, maternal and perinatal outcome with Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum in patients of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Methods A prospective comparative study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the collaboration with department of Pathology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow. Out of 146 women studied, 39 were normal pregnant women, 35 were of mild preeclampsia, 36 of severe preeclampsia and 36 of eclampsia. The statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test (for proportional data) analysis of variance and sample ''t'' test (for parametric data). Results LDH levels were significantly elevated in women with preeclampsia and eclampsia (\0.001). Higher LDH levels had significant correlation with high blood pressure (P \ 0.10) as well as poor maternal and perinatal outcome. Conclusion High serum LDH levels correlate well with the severity of the disease and poor outcomes in patients of preeclampsia and eclampsia.

Context:Human and animal data suggest that low vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) status is associated with impaired fertility, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Vitamin D regulates antimullerian hormone (AMH), FSH, mRNA, and expression of genes in reproductive tissues, implicating a role in female reproduction.Aims:To study the vitamin D levels in infertile females and to know the correlation of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with serum AMH in infertile females compare to fertile females.Settings And Design:This prospective study was conducted in department of Maternal and Reproductive Health in between April 2014 and April 2016.Materials and Methods:After matching inclusion and exclusion criteria out of total 70 infertile females, 45 were found to have VDD. Of these 35 patients were identified as cases; in whom, the AMH levels were assessed. As control 35 fertile normal females were taken, in which vitamin D and AMH were taken. In both groups, correlation of VDD with AMH was studied.Statistical Analysis Used:To analyze the correlation between vitamin D and AMH linear regression test and for comparison of both the groups, two sample t tests were used.Results:The VDD was present in 64.28% of infertile females. In vitamin D deficient cases, the mean for vitamin D was 6.18 ± 2.09 and AMH was 1.94 ± 1.30. In vitamin D deficient controls, the mean for vitamin D was 4.85 ± 3.02 and AMH was 3.47 ± 2.59. On comparison, the vitamin D levels were lower in fertile than infertile females, which was significant (P = 0.04), and AMH levels were lower in cases than control group (P = 0.003).Conclusion:The VDD was present in 64.28% of infertile females. No significant correlation was found in between VDD and AMH levels in both the groups.

Purpose To assess correlation between lactate levels in vaginal fluid and onset of labor in suspected PROM.

Objective Evidences suggest that females with CKD are associated with high risk of maternal and fetal complications. Early referral in CKD with pregnancy for specialist care may prove useful for maternal and fetal outcome. Methods Study looked for assessment of impact of CKD detection at the time of pregnancy and its impact on fetal and maternal outcome. Results A total of 465 females were retrospectively evaluated for renal status during their pregnancies, 172 females were unaware about their renal illness at the time of pregnancy, while 208 females were under regular obstetrical and nephrological follow-up during their pregnancy. 44.1% of these females in both groups had GFR \ 60 ml/ min. Preeclampsia was observed in 17.6% of planned pregnancies, while it was observed in 47.5% of unplanned pregnancies. Worsening of renal failure during and following pregnancy was observed among all stages of CKD,

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy is the most commonly found endocrine disorder. Its effect during pregnancy has widely been studied among women to understand the pathophysiology, outcomes, and prevalence. We collected data from several studies of last One Decade from separately studied population among all across the country regarding hypothyroid abundance. We compared more than 61 online available studies for the validation of data prevalence and to understand the status of associated risks to the mother and child in current scenario. Various risks like preeclampsia, preterm labor, anemia, IUGR, spontaneous birth, still birth, low birth weight infants, have been claimed associated in more than thirty ve studies from the nation, few of them also lighted shed on developmental disorders in neonates born under such conditions. This study conserves biggest data of 43,282 women studied for such condition. Here we found 6,952 women effected by hypothyroid, which makes an average prevalence of 14.2% and it ranges from 2.5% (lowest) - 33.82% (highest) in different places in pregnant women. This gure is higher than the reported global prevalence. These studies also found increased number of bad obstetric outcome for antenatal and postnatal risks in mothers. To prevent consequences universal screening should be acquired.

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