IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) can cause fibroinflammatory lesions in nearly any organ. Correlation among clinical, serological, radiological and pathological data is required for diagnosis. This work was undertaken to develop and validate an international set of classification criteria for IgG4-RD. An international multispecialty group of 86 physicians was assembled by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). Investigators used consensus exercises; existing literature; derivation and validation cohorts of 1879 subjects (1086 cases, 793 mimickers); and multicriterion decision analysis to identify, weight and test potential classification criteria. Two independent validation cohorts were included. A three-step classification process was developed. First, it must be demonstrated that a potential IgG4-RD case has involvement of at least one of 11 possible organs in a manner consistent with IgG4-RD. Second, exclusion criteria consisting of a total of 32 clinical, serological, radiological and pathological items must be applied; the presence of any of these criteria eliminates the patient from IgG4-RD classification. Third, eight weighted inclusion criteria domains, addressing clinical findings, serological results, radiological assessments and pathological interpretations, are applied. In the first validation cohort, a threshold of 20 points had a specificity of 99.2% (95% CI 97.2% to 99.8%) and a sensitivity of 85.5% (95% CI 81.9% to 88.5%). In the second, the specificity was 97.8% (95% CI 93.7% to 99.2%) and the sensitivity was 82.0% (95% CI 77.0% to 86.1%). The criteria were shown to have robust test characteristics over a wide range of thresholds. ACR/EULAR classification criteria for IgG4-RD have been developed and validated in a large cohort of patients. These criteria demonstrate excellent test performance and should contribute substantially to future clinical, epidemiological and basic science investigations.

Objective IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) can cause fibroinflammatory lesions in nearly any organ. Correlation among clinical, serologic, radiologic, and pathologic data is required for diagnosis. This work was undertaken to develop and validate an international set of classification criteria for IgG4‐RD. Methods An international multispecialty group of 86 physicians was assembled by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). Investigators used consensus exercises, existing literature, derivation and validation cohorts of 1,879 subjects (1,086 cases, 793 mimickers), and multicriterion decision analysis to identify, weight, and test potential classification criteria. Two independent validation cohorts were included. Results A 3‐step classification process was developed. First, it must be demonstrated that a potential IgG4‐RD case has involvement of at least 1 of 11 possible organs in a manner consistent with IgG4‐RD. Second, exclusion criteria consisting of a total of 32 clinical, serologic, radiologic, and pathologic items must be applied; the presence of any of these criteria eliminates the patient from IgG4‐RD classification. Third, 8 weighted inclusion criteria domains, addressing clinical findings, serologic results, radiology assessments, and pathology interpretations, are applied. In the first validation cohort, a threshold of 20 points had a specificity of 99.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 97.2–99.8%) and a sensitivity of 85.5% (95% CI 81.9–88.5%). In the second, the specificity was 97.8% (95% CI 93.7–99.2%) and the sensitivity was 82.0% (95% CI 77.0–86.1%). The criteria were shown to have robust test characteristics over a wide range of thresholds. Conclusion ACR/EULAR classification criteria for IgG4‐RD have been developed and validated in a large cohort of patients. These criteria demonstrate excellent test performance and should contribute substantially to future clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science investigations.

Purpose This study evaluates the two-year overall survival (OS), adverse event rate, local control rate and impact on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in medically inoperable patients with stage IA NSCLC undergoing CT-guided RFA in a prospective multi-center trial. Methods 54 patients M:F=25:29, median age/range= 76/60–89 were enrolled from 16 US centers 51 patients were eligible (biopsy proven stage IA NSCLC and deemed medically inoperable by board certified thoracic surgeon) for evaluation. PFTs were obtained within 60 days of RFA, 3 and 24 months after RFA. Adverse events were recorded and categorized. Patients were followed by CT and FDG PET. Local control rate and recurrence patterns were analyzed. RESULTS The OS rate was 86.3% at one year and 69.8% at two years. Local tumor recurrence free rate was 68.9% at one year and 59.8% at two years and was worse for tumors >2 cm. In the 19 patients with local recurrence, 11 had retreatment with RFA, nine had radiation and three had chemotherapy. There were 21 grade 3, two grade 4 and one grade 5 AEs in 12 patients within the first 90 days after RFA. None of the grade 4 and 5 AEs were attributed to the RFA. There was no significant change in the FEV1 or DLCO after RFA. Tumor size less than 2.0 cm and performance status of 0–1 were associated with a statistically significant improved survival of 83% and 78% respectively, at two years. CONCLUSIONS RFA is a single minimally invasive procedure, that is well tolerated in medically inoperable patients, does not adversely affect PFTs and gives two year OS that is comparable to that reported following SBRT in similar patients.

PAPs showed a strong predilection for the peripheral pulmonary arteries. Multiplicity of PAPs can be seen in the settings of endocarditis and pulmonary metastatic disease. Most PAPs were not associated with a ground-glass halo. PAPs can be lethal but were often not suspected clinically and were underreported by radiologists.

Longer dwell times do not correlate with pneumothorax and should not influence the decision to obtain more biopsy samples. A shallow pleural puncture angle may increase the pneumothorax rate.