Intranasal drug delivery system provides distinct advantage over conventional drug delivery system for a drug that is pharmacokenetically or biologically unstable. Major concern for the treatment of central nervous system diseases is, low concentration of therapeutically active molecule within brain as blood brain barrier is creating obstacle, where intranasal drug delivery provides direct transport of therapeutically active moiety into brain via olfactory or trigeminal pathway. Nasal mucosa provides distinct advantages like improved bioavailability, law dose and quick onset of action and high patient compliance, and the major disadvantage is residence time of drug and irreversible entrapment of drug. This article provides anatomical and physiological information about nasal route and various factors. Article discusses various types of nanoparticles used intranasally and moreover article also emphasizes patents, formulation under development and some.
Agomelatine (AGM) is a new antidepressant drug with a novel mechanism of action and fewer side effects compared with older antidepressants. AGM is a melatonin receptor (MT1 and MT2) agonist and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT2C) antagonist. In the present study, the enhancement of the oral bioavailability of AGM was formulated and loaded into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), using ultrasonication method. In vitro and ex vivo drug release was performed using a dialysis bag and rat duodenum, respectively. Our pharmacodynamic study showed that AGM–NLCs are more efficacious than a pure drug and marketed product, and confocal microscopy revealed lymphatic uptake of AGM–NLCs. The present study concluded that the NLCs enhanced the oral bioavailability of AGM (6.5-fold) by avoiding its first-pass metabolism by way of lymphatic uptake.
Background Roots of Argyreia speciosa (Linn. F) Sweet (family: Convolvulaceae) are used in Ayurveda to treat male reproductive and nervous system disorders. Objective Isolation of scopoletin from the roots of Argyreia speciosa, development and validation of an analytical method using HPLC for the quantification of scopoletin from the root powder of Argyreia speciosa. Method Scopoletin was isolated from chloroform fraction prepared from hydrolyzed methanolic extract and identified using spectral studies. A reverse-phase HPLC based analytical method was developed and optimized using the DoE approach to estimate scopoletin from the roots of Argyreia speciosa. Scopoletin was separated and quantified using HPLC containing C18 column and a PDA detector. The optimized mobile phase was methanol: water (pH∼3.2) [25: 75, %v/v]. Results The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize chromatographic parameters and the extraction procedure. The validation studies showed a linear relationship (r2=0.998) in the range of 1–40 µg/ml. The limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification were found to be 0.28 µg/ml and 0.84 µg/ml, respectively and the recovery values were found between 91.94 to 97.86%. The developed analytical method was found robust too. The amount of scopoletin was estimated to be 0.024 ± 0.0016%w/w from dried root powder. Conclusion The recorded chromatogram and amount of scopoletin determined would serve as one of the standardization parameters to access the quality of raw material containing Argyreia speciosa. Highlights Developed analytical method may be adopted as a part of the standardization procedure for Argyreia speciosa in the quality control laboratory.
Objectives: Our objectives are (i) to determine whether an increase in competition among companies selling prescription anti-ulcer pharmaceuticals has an impact on drug costs for Ohio Medicaid; (ii) to separate competition's impact into its effect on generic drugs and its effect on branded drugs; and (iii) to distinguish between inter-drug (market) and intra-drug (generic) competition in their effects on drug-prescription reimbursements and utilisation.Methods: Based on Ohio Medicaid pharmacy claims data, we constructed quarterly prescription numbers as well as per-prescription reimbursement figures for each of the anti-ulcer gastric medications that Medicaid reimburses, from quarter 1 1997, through quarter 3 2002. We measured two dependent variables: the change in per-prescription reimbursement and the change in market share. Economic determinants included change in the producer price index, change in the number of brand-name drugs in the submarket (histamine H2-receptor antagonists, coating agent or proton pump inhibitors), direct-to-consumer advertising expenditures, and change in the number of generic manufacturers. An unbalanced panel data set was transformed to correct for serial correlation; variables were added to account specifically for intra-drug error correlation; and models were then estimated using ordinary least squares. Results:Both list prices and per-prescription reimbursements for branded drugs have increased over the last decade, despite the introduction of a number of new branded and generic drugs. Competition affects brand-name drugs through their market shares; branded-drug market shares have decreased as generic drug companies have entered the market (p < 0.001). Both average wholesale price and per-prescription Medicaid reimbursement for all generic drugs were significantly lower than for their brand-name counterparts, and decreased over time. For generic drugs, the rise in the number of generic companies had a significant negative impact on generic drug prescription costs (p = 0.047).Conclusions: Brand-name drug prices increase regardless of new drug entry in the market. Competition among generic companies leads to a decrease in prescription costs for generic drugs only. Ohio Medicaid benefits in the branded-drug market through a fall in branded drug utilisation, as generic competition rises. Ohio Medicaid can lower costs further by taking better advantage of between-brand competition, through the use of a formulary, and between-market competition, through the use of other cost-containment strategies. Fig. 2. The monthly average wholesale price per daily dose for histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and coating agents: 1987 to 2002.
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