Mucoadhesive buccal patches containing propranolol hydrochloride were prepared using the solvent casting method. Chitosan was used as bioadhesive polymer and different ratios of chitosan to PVP K-30 were used. The patches were evaluated for their physical characteristics like mass variation, drug content uniformity, folding endurance, ex vivo mucoadhesion strength, ex vivo mucoadhesion time, surface pH, in vitro drug release, and in vitro buccal permeation study. Patches exhibited controlled release for a period of 7 h. The mechanism of drug release was found to be non-Fickian diffusion and followed the first-order kinetics. Incorporation of PVP K-30 generally enhanced the release rate. Swelling index was proportional to the concentration of PVP K-30. Optimized patches (F4) showed satisfactory bioadhesive strength of 9.6 +/- 2.0 g, and ex vivo mucoadhesion time of 272 minutes. The surface pH of all patches was between 5.7 and 6.3 and hence patches should not cause irritation in the buccal cavity. Patches containing 10 mg of drug had higher bioadhesive strength with sustained drug release as compared to patches containing 20 mg of drug. Good correlation was observed between the in vitro drug release and in vitro drug permeation with a correlation coefficient of 0.9364. Stability study of optimized patches was done in human saliva and it was found that both drug and buccal patches were stable.

The purpose of this research work was to establish mucoadhesive buccal devices of propranolol hydrochloride (PRH) in the forms of bilayered and multilayered tablets. The tablets were prepared using sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and Carbopol-934 (CP) as bioadhesive polymers to impart mucoadhesion and ethyl cellulose (EC) to act as an impermeable backing layer. Buccal devices were evaluated by different parameters such as weight uniformity, content uniformity, thickness, hardness, surface pH, swelling index, ex vivo mucoadhesive strength, ex vivo mucoadhesion time, in vitro drug release, and in vitro drug permeation. As compared with bilayered tablets, multilayered tablets showed slow release rate of drug with improved ex vivo bioadhesive strength and enhanced ex vivo mucoadhesion time. The mechanism of drug release was found to be non-Fickian diffusion (value of n between 0.5 and 1.0) for both the buccal devices. The stability of drug in both the optimized buccal devices was tested for 6 hours in natural human saliva; both the buccal devices were found to be stable in natural human saliva. The present study concludes that mucoadhesive buccal devices of PRH can be a good way to bypass the extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism and to improve the bioavailability of PRH.

The purpose of this research was to study mucoadhesive bilayer buccal tablets of propranolol hydrochloride using the bioadhesive polymers sodium alginate (Na-alginate) and Carbopol 934P (CP) along with ethyl cellulose as an impermeable backing layer. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, surface pH, mucoadhesive strength, swelling index, in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation, ex vivo mucoadhesion, and in vivo pharmacodynamics in rabbits. Tablets containing Na-alginate and CP in the ratio of 5:1 (F2) had the maximum percentage of in vitro drug release without disintegration in 12 hours. The swelling index was proportional to Na-alginate content and inversely proportional to CP content. The surface pH of all tablets was found to be satisfactory (7.0 ± 1.5), close to neutral pH; hence, buccal cavity irritation should not occur with these tablets. The mechanism of drug release was found to be non-Fickian diffusion and followed zero-order kinetics. The formulation F4 was optimized based on good bioadhesive strength (28.9 ± 0.99 g) and sustained in vitro drug permeation (68.65% ± 3.69% for 12 hours). The behavior of formulation F4 was examined in human saliva, and both the drug and the buccal tablet were found to be stable. The formulation F4 was applied to rabbit oral mucosa for in vivo studies. The formulation inhibited isoprenaline-induced tachycardia. The studies conducted in rabbits confirmed the sustained release as compared with intravenous administration.

The purpose of this study was to develop formulations and systematically evaluate in vitro performances of buccoadhesive patches of propranolol hydrochloride using the hydrophobic polymer Eudragit L-100 as the base matrix. The hydrophilic polymers Carbopol 934 and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K30 were incorporated into the Eudragit patches, to provide the patches with bioadhesive properties and to modify the rate of drug release. The patches, which were prepared by the solvent casting method, were smooth and elegant in appearance; were uniform in thickness, weight, and drug content; showed no visible cracks; and showed good folding endurance. A 3 2 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables like hydrophilic polymers Carbopol 934 and PVP K30, which significantly influenced characteristics like swelling index, ex vivo mucoadhesive strength, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo residence time. A stability study of optimized Eudragit patches was done in natural human saliva; it was found that both drug and buccal patches were stable in human saliva. It can be concluded that the present buccal formulation can be an ideal system to improve the bioavailability of the drug by avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism.

The gut microbiota is critical for maintaining human health and the immunological system. Several neuroscientific studies have shown the significance of microbiota in developing brain systems. The gut microbiota and the brain are interconnected in a bidirectional relationship, as research on the microbiome–gut–brain axis shows. Significant evidence links anxiety and depression disorders to the community of microbes that live in the gastrointestinal system. Modified diet, fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake, macro- and micro-nutrient intake, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and 5-HTP regulation may all be utilized to alter the gut microbiota as a treatment approach. There are few preclinical and clinical research studies on the effectiveness and reliability of various therapeutic approaches for depression and anxiety. This article highlights relevant research on the association of gut microbiota with depression and anxiety and the different therapeutic possibilities of gut microbiota modification.

Buccal adhesive patches containing 20 mg of propranolol hydrochloride were prepared using solvent casting method. Chitosan was used as a natural bioadhesive polymer. Patches were prepared at different ratios of PVP K-30 and evaluated for various physicochemical characteristics such as weight variation, drug content uniformity, folding endurance, surface pH, ex-vivo mucoadhesive strength, ex-vivo residence time, in vitro drug release and in vitro buccal permeation study. Patches exhibited sustained release over a period of 7 hours. The mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian diffusion. Addition of PVP K-30 generally enhanced the releasing rate. The ex-vivo mucoadhesive strength was performed using sheep buccal mucosa on modified physical balance. Optimized patches (batch F4) showed satisfactory bioadhesive strength (9.6 degrees 2.0 gram) and ex vivo residence time (272 degrees 0.25 minutes). Swelling index was proportional to PVP K-30. The surface pH of all batches was within satisfactory limit (7.0+/-1.5) and hence patches would not cause irritation in the buccal cavity. Good correlation was observed between in vitro drug release and in vitro drug permeation with correlation coefficient of 0.9364. Stability of optimized patches was performed in natural human saliva showed that both drug and dosage forms were stable in human saliva.

Objective: The main objective of this experiment was to prepare and optimized celecoxib nanoemulgel. This formulation can be used for acute rheumatoid arthritis patients. Methods:Celecoxib is a poorly water soluble drug. We prepared celecoxib nanoemulgel to improve intrinsic solubility of celecoxib and enhance deeper permeation throughout the skin. After several screening, the combination of acetonitrile, triacetin, campul 908P was considered for oil phase; acconon MC8-2EP as surfactant, and capmul MCM C-10 as a co-surfactant accordingly. As per Box-Behnken surface design model, optimization was done for all the 13 formulations.Results: Based on pseudo ternary plot, it was found that 4:1 S mix ratio was optimum and possessed maximum drug solubility. Further, screening shown, 0.25-0.75% carbopol-940 can be a stable candidate for hydrogel preparation. Prepared nanoemulsions and hydrogels were admixed to prepare nanoemulgel. Based on overlay plot, EG14* formulation was consider as optimum one, and various evaluation parameters were performed along with other formulations. Using Franz diffusion cell, in-vitro diffusion studies was performed. Almost all the formulations produces good qualitative drug release profile. The EG14* shown 95.50% drug release after 12 th hrs with standard Higuchi plot (R 2 value 0.9989). The optimum viscosity was found to be 521±0.81 mPas at 100 rpm. The appearance of the formulations was milky, yellowish white with expectable pH ranged from 5.8 to 6.7. The optimized formulation has good spreadability coefficient, good ex-vivo diffusion enhancement factor (3.03) as compare to marketed gel. Mostly, our formulations have less skin irritation and higher anti-inflammatory activity (92.56% of inhibition of paw edema for EG14*). Conclusion:From the thermodynamic studies, it was confirmed that EG14* maintained excellent stability profile in various heating-cooling cycle, centrifugation, and freeze-thaw cycle condition. Hence, it can be conclude that, our formulation, can be consider for pilot scale up.

Liposomes are one of the most versatile drug carriers due to their functional properties, such as higher biocompatibility, the ability to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic products, and higher biodegradability. Liposomes are a better and more significant nanocarrier for cancer therapy. The key to developing a better cancer-targeted nanocarrier is the development of targeted liposomes using various approaches. Several traditional and novel liposome preparation methods are briefly discussed in this mini-review. The current state of liposome targeting, active and passive liposome targeting in cancer therapy, ligand directed targeting (antibody, aptamer, and protein/peptide-mediated targeting), and other miscellaneous approaches such as stimuli-responsive liposome-based targeting, autophagy inhibition mediated targeting, and curcumin loaded liposomal targeting are all discussed within. All of this gathered and compiled information will shed new light on liposome targeting strategies in cancer treatment and will pique the interest of aspiring researchers and academicians.