The objective was to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) using 980 nm diode laser therapy (0.60 W, 0.77 W cm À2 , 36 J, 46 J cm À2 , 60 s) irradiated in continuous wave mode by flat-top hand-piece on socket healing in the maxilla and mandible. A split-mouth experimental design was performed on 6 dogs. The 3 rd premolar tooth was extracted from the maxilla and mandibles for both sides. The right-sided sockets were irradiated (PBM group), and the left-sided sockets were kept as control. Irradiation was done after extraction and at 48-h interval for 14 days. Both the buccal and lingual sides were irradiated to reach a total irradiation time of 120 s. Bone density was evaluated at 3, 4 and 5 weeks using cone beam computed tomography. We showed that maxillary sockets in the PBM group had higher bone density compared to control one at 3, 4, 5 weeks (P = 0.029, <0.001, <0.001), respectively. Mandibular sockets revealed no significant difference between PBM and control at 3 weeks (P = 0.347), while at 4 and 5 weeks PBM group showed higher bone density (P = 0.004, <0.001). In both groups, there was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in bone density by time which was higher in the PBM group. We concluded that PBM using a flat-top hand-piece of 980-nm improved the bone density of extraction sockets.

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Purpose: The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of platelet rich fibrin (PRF), alvogyl and zinc oxide/ eugenol (ZOE) intra-alveolar dressings for pain relief and socket healing (Epithelialization) in dry socket management and to study relevant epidemiological features. Patients and methods: A total of 45 patients with alveolar osteitis were randomly divided into three groups; Group (A) patients received PRF, Group (B) patients received Alvogyl and Group (C) patients received ZOE dressing. All the patients were evaluated for Pain (VAS), degree of inflammation, healthy granulation tissue formation and number of exposed socket walls (socket epithelialization) at 1 st , 3 rd , 7 th , and 14 th post-operative day. Results: Group A (PRF) showed better and faster socket healing than Group B and C. However, symptomatic pain relief was faster in Group B (Alvogyl) than in Group A and C. Conclusion: PRF in this study illustrates the promising results to be used effectively as the suitable dressing material in the management of alveolar osteitis. PRF treated cases showed a shorter time required for complete and fast clinical healing.

Background and review: The quality of life experienced by patients following third molar surgery is increasingly becoming a health concern; surgical removal of wisdom teeth under local anaesthesia is widely carried out in general dental practice. This procedure is usually associated with postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus as direct and immediate consequences of the surgical procedure. Many clinicians have, emphasized the necessity for better pain, swelling and trismus control in patients who undergo third molar surgery, American Academy of Craniomandibular disorders and the Minnesota Dental Association recommendations have been cited as the most commonly employed methods of physiotherapy treatment such as; short wave diathermy, ultrasound (US) and Low level laser therapy (LLLT). (1) Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Dexamethasone phonophoresis on the post-operative clinical outcomes (facial swelling & trismus) following lower third molar surgical removal Patients & Methods: The study was performed on 30 patients (16 males & 14 females) aged 25-45 suffering from impacted mandibular third molar. They were divided into two equal groups; Group (A) received low level laser therapy immediately after third molar surgical extraction for (The laser has been given as output power 15mW, pulsed 80% and dose 4.3J/sq.cm for 6minutes for 7 days after surgery), Group (B) received phonophoresis of dexamethasone ampoule (in each session with half of 8mg ampule and 35 g ultrasound gel immediately after third molar surgical extraction (7 minutes session over the masseter muscle area for 7 days). Maximum inter-incisal opening MIO and facial swelling measurements were evaluated on pre-operative, 2nd day and 7 th day postoperatively.

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