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Background: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component, evokes intensive inflammatory responses in the human body. Naturally, inflammation is a part of the host immune response to an infection; nonetheless, an exaggerated response can lead to a series of pathophysiological consequences, collectively known as LPS toxicity or septic shock. Objective: This review will explore the cellular and experimental investigations that mainly focus on Curcumin's therapeutic effects on the LPS-mediated inflammatory responses. Method: A literature review of all relevant studies was performed. Conclusion : Curcumin has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory properties by interfering with LPS-induced inflammatory pathways, including binding to cell surface receptors of LPS, NF-kB activation pathway, and inflammasome activation. Further clinical studies on the effect of Curcumin in reducing the pathophysiological consequences of LPS toxicity would substantiate the use of this molecule for future therapeutic approaches.

Several signaling pathways were involved in M1 (classic) and M2 (alternative) macrophage polarization. Disruption of M2-related signaling pathways and improvement of M1-related signaling pathways can be identified as one of the cancer therapeutic approaches. Prevention of macrophage differentiation into M2 by different herbal agents with antitumor properties can be considered as a promising therapeutic target for cancer patients. In the present review study, we investigated the effect of herbal compounds on M1 and M2 related signaling pathways to reduce M2 and increase M1 macrophage polarization for the treatment of different types of cancer.

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