This paper proposed an improved structure of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller called as Integral Proportional Derivative (I-PD), applied for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of Multi-Source Interconnected Power System (IPS). The parameters of the proposed controller are optimized with a newly developed, powerful, nature-inspired meta-heuristic technique known as Fitness Dependent Optimizer (FDO). To show the efficacy of the proposed controller and the technique used, they have been tested on three different system models. Initially, a two-equal area of diverse source generation including reheat-thermal, gas, and hydro power system is considered. In the second scenario, the same power system model is used with addition of two non-linearities; Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) and Governor Dead Band (GDB). Lastly, multiple non-linearities including Governor Dead Band (GDB), Time Delay (TD), Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), and Boiler Dynamics (BD) have been considered to make the initial system more realistic and practical. The outcome from the proposed techniques is also compared with some recently meta-heuristic algorithms such as Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Firefly Algorithm (FA). From the results, it has been perceived that the proposed technique shows superior performance in respect of Overshoot (Osh), Undershoot (Ush) and Settling Time (Ts) of the system frequency.
This paper presents a Fractional Order Integral-Proportional Derivative (FOI-PD) controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of two-area Interconnected Power System (IPS) with six multiple generations units in a restructured environment. Further, the two-area IPS is composed of multiple nonlinearities with Time Delay (TD), Boiler Dynamic (BD), Governor Dead Zone/ Band (GDZ/ GDB) and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC). The gains of the proposed controller are optimized by a most recent powerful meta-heuristic algorithm known as Improved-Fitness Dependent Optimizer (I-FDO). The efficiency of the proposed approach is compared with other techniques such as Firefly Algorithm (FA), Fitness Dependent Optimizer (FDO) and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithms. Further, to enhance the performance of the system, Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) is incorporated in each area and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) in the tie-line of the power system. Results reveal that our proposed approach performs superior in terms of less Overshoot (Os), Settling time (Ts) and Undershoot (Us). Robustness of the proposed controller is verified by changing system parameters within a range of ± (25) %.
In this paper, a modified form of the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller known as the Integral- Proportional Derivative (I-PD) controller is developed for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of the two-area multi-source Interconnected Power System (IPS). Fitness Dependent Optimizer (FDO) algorithm is employed for the optimization of proposed controller with various performance criteria including Integral of Absolute Error (IAE), Integral of Time multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral of Time multiplied Square Error (ITSE), and Integral Square Error (ISE). The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been assessed on a two-area network with individual source including gas, hydro and reheat thermal unit and then collectively with all three sources. Further, to validate the efficacy of the proposed FDO based PID and I-PD controllers, comprehensive comparative performance is carried and compared with other controllers including Differential Evolution based PID (DE-PID) controller and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) hybridized with Local Unimodal Sampling (LUS-PID) controller. The comparison of outcomes reveal that the proposed FDO based I-PD (FDO-I-PD) controller provides a significant improvement in respect of Overshoot (Osh), Settling time (Ts), and Undershoot (Ush). The robustness of an I-PD controller is also verified by varying parameter of the system and load variation.
The interconnection of renewable energy systems, which are complex nonlinear systems, often results in power fluctuations in the interconnection line and high system frequency due to insufficient damping in extreme and dynamic loading situations. To solve this problem, load frequency control ensures nominal operating frequency and orderly fluctuation of grid interconnection power by delivering highquality electric power to energy consumers through efficient and intelligent control systems. To introduce the frequency control of power systems, this paper presents a novel control technique of Fractional Order Integral-Tilt Derivative with Filter (FOI-TDN) controller optimized by the current soft computing technique of hybrid Sine-Cosine algorithm with Fitness Dependent Optimizer (hSC-FDO). For more realistic analysis, practical constraints with nonlinear features, such as controller deadband, communication time delay, boiler dynamics, and generation rate constraint are embedded in the given system model. The proposed approach outperforms some recently developed heuristic approaches such as fitnessdependent optimizer, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization for the interconnected power system of two areas with multiple generating units in terms of minimum undershoot, overshoot, and settling time. To improve the system performance, capacitive energy storage devices are used in each area and Thyristor control phase shifter is used in the interconnection line of the power system. The potential of the hSC-FDO-based FOI-TDN is demonstrated by comparing it with conventional FOTID/FOPID/PID controllers for two areas with multiple power generators IPS. Finally, a robustness analysis is performed to determine the robustness of the presented control system by varying the system loads and system parameters.
In this article, a fractional-order proportional-integral-differential (FOPID) controller and its modified structure, called a MFOPID controller, are presented. To guarantee optimal system performance, the gains of the proposed FOPID and MFOPID controllers are well-tuned, employing the Jellyfish Search Optimizer (JSO), a novel and highly effective bioinspired metaheuristic approach. The proposed controllers are assessed in a hybrid system with two domains, where each domain contains a hybrid of conventional (gas, reheat, and hydro) and renewable generation sources (solar and wind). For a more realistic analysis, the presented system model includes practical limitations with nonlinear characteristics, such as governor dead zone/band (GDZ/GDB), boiler dynamics, generation rate limitation/constraint (GRL/GRC), system uncertainties, communication time delay (CTD), and load changes. The suggested methodology outperforms some newly developed heuristic techniques, including fitness-dependent optimizer (FDO), sine-cosine algorithm (SCA), and firefly algorithm (FA), for the interconnected power system (PS) of two regions with multiple generating units. Furthermore, the proposed MFOPID controller is compared with JSO-tuned PID/FOPID and PI controllers to ascertain its superiority. The results signify that the presented control method and its parametric optimization significantly outperforms the other control strategies with respect to minimum undershoot and peak overshoot, settling times, and ITSE in the system’s dynamic response. The sensitivity analysis outcomes imply that the proposed JSO-MFOPID control method is very reliable and can effectively stabilize the load frequency and interconnection line in a multi-area network with interconnected PS.
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