Monitoring of heavy metals was conducted in the Yamuna River considering bioaccumulation factor, exposure concentration, and human health implications which showed contamination levels of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) and their dispersion patterns along the river. Largest concentration of Pb in river water was 392 μg L(-1); Cu was 392 μg L(-1) at the extreme downstream, Allahabad and Ni was 146 μg L(-1) at midstream, Agra. Largest concentration of Cu was 617 μg kg(-1), Ni 1,621 μg kg(-1) at midstream while Pb was 1,214 μg kg(-1) at Allahabad in surface sediment. The bioconcentration of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cr was observed where the largest accumulation of Pb was 2.29 μg kg(-1) in Oreochromis niloticus and 1.55 μg kg(-1) in Cyprinus carpio invaded at Allahabad while largest concentration of Ni was 174 μg kg(-1) in O. niloticus and 124 μg kg(-1) in C. carpio in the midstream of the river. The calculated values of hazard index (HI) for Pb was found more than one which indicated human health concern. Carcinogenic risk value for Ni was again high i.e., 17.02 × 10(-4) which was larger than all other metals studied. The results of this study indicated bioconcentration in fish due to their exposures to heavy metals from different routes which had human health risk implications. Thus, regular environmental monitoring of heavy metal contamination in fish is advocated for assessing food safety since health risk may be associated with the consumption of fish contaminated through exposure to a degraded environment.
The PM(10) concentration (μg/m(3)) in Lucknow city at 4 locations in three different seasons ranged between 148.6-210.8 (avg. 187.2 ± 17.1) during summer, 111.8-187.6 (avg. 155.7 ± 22.7) during monsoon and 199.3-308.8 (avg. 269.3 ± 42.9) during winter while PM(2.5) ranged between 32.4-67.2 (avg. 45.6 ± 10.9), 25.6-68.9 (avg. 39.8 ± 4.6) and 99.3-299.3 (avg. 212.4 ± 55.0) during respective seasons. The mass fraction ratio of PM(2.5) ranged between 0.22-0.92 (avg. 0.42 ± 0.26) and was significantly high during winter season indicating their composition.
Maintaining a solid radio communication link between a mobile robot entering a building and an external base station is a well-recognized problem. Modern digital radios, while affording high bandwidth and Internet-protocol-based automatic routing capabilities, tend to operate on line-of-sight links. The communication link degrades quickly as a robot penetrates deeper into the interior of a building. This project investigates the use of mobile autonomous communication relay nodes to extend the effective range of a mobile robot exploring a complex interior environment. Each relay node is a small mobile slave robot equipped with sonar, ladar, and 802.11b radio repeater. For demonstration purposes, four Pioneer 2-DX robots are used as autonomous mobile relays, with SSC-San Diego's ROBART III acting as the lead robot. The relay robots follow the lead robot into a building and are automatically deployed at various locations to maintain a networked communication link back to the remote operator. With their onboard external sensors, they also act as rearguards to secure areas already explored by the lead robot. As the lead robot advances and RF shortcuts are detected, relay nodes that become unnecessary will be reclaimed and reused, all transparent to the operator. This project takes advantage of recent research results from several DARPA-funded tasks at various institutions in the areas of robotic simulation, wireless ad hoc networking, route planning, and navigation. This paper describes the progress of the first six months of the project.Keywords: robotics, communications, RF, relays, 802.11, ad hoc networking OBJECTIVESOne of the vulnerabilities of current mobile robots operating in real-world scenarios is the communication link to the operator's console. Fiber-optic cables reduce mobility and often become entangled and broken, rendering the robot inoperable. User surveys have identified radio-frequency (RF) communications systems as more desirable.1,2 However, most RF communication systems currently employed on teleoperated robots in the field are analog, which very often experience signal interference, multipath, and attenuation problems when used in an urban environment. Spread spectrum digital systems are more immune to these problems and provide a level of transmission security, but operate at shorter ranges and mostly on line of sight.To extend the range of digital radios and provide non-line-of-sight service, the use of dropped static relays or autonomous robots as relays have been discussed, usually in the context of a larger project, from creating a network of distributed mobile sensors 3 to exploring for life on Mars. 4 Our project goal is to move this concept out of the discussion and simulation stages and demonstrate it using real hardware to solve a real-world problem.We want to automatically maintain a solid high-bandwidth digital RF communication link between a robot exploring a large indoor environment and the operator stationed outside the building. This task must be performed without operat...
Field experiments were conducted to Studies effect of Phosphorus, Chloropyriphos and Rhizobium inoculants on productivity parameter and economics of chickpea during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at students instructional farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. The experiment consists of 18 treatments combinations in factorial randomized block design with three replications consisted of three levels of phosphorous (30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1), three chloropyriphos levels (0, 2.5 and 4.0 ml L-1) and two rhizobium inoculation levels (with rhizobium and without rhizobium). Chickpea variety RVG-203 was grown with the recommended agronomic practices. On the basis of results emanated from investigation it can be concluded that among the productivity parameters viz. maximum grain yield was 19.76 and 19.88 q ha-1 during the both years of experimentation are associated with the treatment T15 [60 kg P+ 4.0 ml-1 Chloropyriphos with Rhizobium]. Similarly stover yield during first year is 25.26 q ha-1 and second year is 25.94 q ha-1 was associated with the treatment T15 [60 kg P+ 4.0 ml-1 Chloropyriphos with Rhizobium]. Maximum gross return Rs 103908 and Rs 110078, net return Rs 66686 and 72232 and benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) 1.79 and 1.91 during the first year (2020-21) and second year (2021-22) of experimentation were recorded under treatment T15 [60 kg P+ 4.0 ml-1 Chloropyriphos with Rhizobium], but the maximum cost of cultivation during first year is Rs 38734 and second year is Rs 39358 were recorded under treatment T18 [90 kg P+ 4.0 ml-1 Chloropyriphos with Rhizobium].
The study was confined to a sample of 150 sugarcane farmer households selected of two blocks of Lakhimpur Kheri District. Findings reveal that per farm investment on farm structure was highest on large size group of farms i.e., Rs. 906411.71. The overall average of costs of cultivation in sugarcane (planted) was found to be Rs.120101.42 on sample farms. The benefit cost ratio was found to be highest on large size of farm (1:0.88) as compared to small farms (1:0.78) and medium farms (1:0.78). It was revealed that the total cultivation cost per hectare on overall farms was Rs. 87037.53 in Ratoon crop. And on an overall average gross income was recorded Rs. 166173.80 and net income came to Rs.79136.27. Study finally results on to the conclusion that sugarcane farming is a profitable venture. In future farmers can invest in it for smart returns.
The MGNREGA scheme is an initiative to improve rural livelihood, but also there are several pros and cons. So, this research is being done to study the scheme in the selected area. The study was conducted using purposive cum random sampling procedure and seventy-five respondents were selected from a block of district. The data collected through personal interview method were classified, tabulated and analysed in the light of objectives of the study. MGNREGA is a beneficiary scheme that improves the socioeconomic face of the maximum rural households in the selected research area. It is seen that majority of the respondents are enjoying the income and employment rewards from the scheme and are further seeking it in the future. The wages provided and works assigned are found satisfactory to the households, and MGNREGA enhances livelihood security in the study area.
A Multistage stratified random sampling technique was adopted for the study of 150 farmers selected through proportionate randomly sampling. Through descriptive statistical methodology data was analysed and it was found that maximum 84.06 per cent of marginal farmers were belonging to nuclear family system and 62.32 per cent of them were backward in caste. 21.74 per cent marginal farmers were having education up to high school and 81.16 per cent of marginal farmers were of agriculture practising category. Maximum 37.68 per cent marginal farmers belonged to higher income group followed by 33.33 and 28.99 per cent marginal farmers belonging to lower and higher income groups, respectively. It is suggested that sugarcane is a profitable practice and should be continued for further growth.
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