In various micronutrient-deficient countries, wheat is used as staple food, comprise more than 50% of the diet. Like many staple foods, wheat contains low concentration of iron (Fe). About two billion people globally have iron deficiency, especially in the regions where staple foods are based on cereal crops such as wheat. Because of high rate of Fe deficiency cases, increased Fe intake through staple food has become the main focused research area globally. As wheat is main source of protein and dietary energy for human beings, its potential to support reducing malnutrition related to Fe can be increased through producing genetically modified wheat varieties with high concentration of Fe. High Fe concentration in cereal crop is a major challenge. Even though during wheat is commonly fortify, promising and more long term solution is biofortification of wheat, which bases on the production of new wheat varieties with characteristically higher concentration of iron. Till now, may researches, which focused on increasing Fe in wheat, aimed at producing natural varieties in progenitor or related species. This review focused on the promising and sustainable approaching to maintain the improve concentration of iron in wheat.
Non-repellent termiticide such as imidacloprid and fipronil are important to control the subterranean termites. These termiticides effect on the walking and tunneling of subterranean termites in the colony. However, health and environmental concerns related to the use of these termiticide arises question and forced scientific community to focus on alternative, more environmental friendly approaches. Use of microorganisms especially fungi for the control of subterranean termites has gain much attraction in the 40 years as many experimental studies have demonstrated promising output. This method was based on classical biological control with the use of entomopathogenic fungi which can replicate itself in the termite colony and can be transmitted from one individual termite to another, hence creating an epizootic and kill the whole colony. However, lack of positive output in field trial arises concerns about the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi as a potential approach for the control of subterranean termites. Thus, research on the defense system of subterranean termites against the fungal infection started to gain attention in the past decade, however, interaction between termites and fungi is still poorly understood. This review focuses on the use of non-repellent termiticide to control the subterranean termites, problems arises because of these termiticides, alternative methods for subterranean termite control, biological control of fungi using entomopathogenic fungi and defense mechanism of termites triggered in response to fungal interaction.
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