No abstract

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade acelerada de duas formulações magistrais de cetoconazol xampu, determinar seu prazo de validade e comparar estes resultados com as formulações industrializadas. Utilizouse o medicamento referência, um genérico e um similar, além de duas formulações manipuladas, todas contendo cetoconazol na concentração de 2%. As amostras foram armazenadas em 4°C, 25°C e 40°C + 70% UR por 180 dias e avaliadas em relação a cor, odor, densidade, viscosidade e teor, conforme a Farmacopéia Brasileira. Todos os produtos foram aprovados nos testes de identificação, volume médio e doseamento. As formulações comerciais praticamente não sofreram alterações de cor e odor quando armazenadas a 4°C e 25°C, já os medicamentos manipulados mantiveramse estáveis a temperatura de 4°C, mas quando armazenadas a 25°C sofreram pequenas alterações de cor, próximo aos 180 dias. Não houve alterações consideráveis de pH e densidade, em todas as amostras. Foi impossível determinar a faixa ideal de viscosidade. Os medicamentos comerciais e a formulação 1 mostraram boa estabilidade, sendo possível conseguir um prazo de validade provisório de 24 meses.Descritores: Estabilidade cetoconazol, Produtos Manipulados, Xampu. Accelerated stability study of shampoo formulations containing ketoconazole 2%Abstract: This study had the objective to evaluate the stability of two accelerated magistral formulations of ketoconazole shampoo, determine its validity and to compare the results with the formulations industrialized. Was used the drug reference, a generic and a similar, besides the manipulated formulations, all containing ketoconazole at a concentration of 2%. The samples were stored at 4°C, 25°C and 40°C + 70% UR, for 180 days and evaluated for color, odor, density, viscosity and dosage. All products have passed the tests for identification, dosage and medium volume. The commercial formulations virtually unchanged in color and odor when stored at 4°C and 25°C, and manipulated formulations remained stable at a temperature of 4°C, but when stored at 25°C began to experience minor changes in color, close to 180 days. No significant changes on pH and density for all samples were observed. Was impossible to determine the optimal range of viscosity. The commercial medicines and the formulation 1 showed good stability, being possible to estimate the expiration time of 24 months.

No abstract

The high intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction (HIU) is one of the most simple, quick and efficient techniques for the extraction of phenolic and other antioxidant compounds from plants. This is the first application of HIU for the extraction of these compounds from goldenberry fruit. The HIU and conventional extraction techniques showed similar results regarding to phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. However, the time required for HIU extraction (5min) was 24 times lower than conventional extraction (120min). Phenolic compounds reported were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rutin. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were used for evaluation of extracts and the results showed that in a wide range of concentration, the extract maintains cell viability, thus indicating the possibility to use it as food with safety.

In addition to phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, alkaloids and condensed tannins, our tests identified the antioxidant and genotoxic properties in the crude extract (CE) and fractions of Urera baccifera (Urticaceae) roots and leaves. Oxalic acid (OA) content was determined by HPLC-DAD, which presented high values in the roots (1.82 ± 0.21, 1.79 ± 0.22 and 1.38 ± 0.15 mg/g in butanolic, CE and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively). OA caused a 30.7% reduction in the leucocyte proliferation, followed by butanolic fractions of roots (24.15%) and leaves (23.28%). The mitotic index was lower in butanolic fractions of leaves (8.7%) and roots (8.3%), similar to the OA index, which was 6.0%. The DNA damage index in cultured leukocytes was observed for OA (19.33) and butanol fraction treatments (22.67 and 16, respectively, for leaves and roots). Antioxidant capacity (DPPH and TBARS) was moderated, which was confirmed by the low phenolic, flavonol and flavonoid contents in both parts of the plant.

No abstract

Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants and their possible drug interactions in two cities of the South of Brazil Estudo etnofarmacológico de plantas medicinais e suas possíveis interações medicamentosas em duas cidades do Sul do Brasil

Context. Chaptalia nutans (L.) Pol. (family: Asteraceae) is widely used in traditional medicine as laxative and anticough medications and especially in the traumatisms, wounds, and hemorrhages in topical preparations. Objective. This work was to evaluate the chemical constitution of the hydromethanolic (30/70 methanol-water) macerating extract obtained from the leaves of C. nutans, as well as to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activity of the species. Materials and methods. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity (total phenolic, total flavonoid, condensed tannins content, DPPH radical, and FRAP), antibacterial activity (P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, E. epidermidis, E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. mirabilis, Candida glabrata (clinical isolate), Candida tropicalis (clinical isolate), C. krusei (clinical isolate), and C. albicans (clinical isolate)), and oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, carbonyl protein, and DCFH) were analyzed according to the literature. Toxicity of C. nutans was evaluated using an alternative method, D. melanogaster, as well as a locomotor assay. Results. The phytochemical screening test of methanolic leaves extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, quaternary bases, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and free steroids. A quantitative phytochemical study indicated the total phenol (30.17 ± 1.44 mg/g), flavonoid (21.64 ± 0.66 mg/g), and condensed tannins (9.58 ± 0.99 mg/g). DPPH (345.41 ± 5.35 μg/mL) and FRAP (379.98 ± 39.25 μM FeSO4/mg sample) show to extract of C. nutans leaves an intermediate value, indicating moderate antioxidant activity of the extract. Antibacterial results revealed only a positive result (antimicrobial activity) for the hexane fraction which significantly inhibited the microorganisms E. epidermidis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. TBARS, carbonyl protein, and DCFH demonstrate that the extract has the ability to protect the cell from protein and lipid damage, as well as the inhibition of oxygen-derived radicals at the three concentrations tested: 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/mL. Regarding the toxicity of C. nutans extract against D. melanogaster, it was found that until the concentration of 15 mg/mL, the extract showed no toxicity and that the LC50 obtained was 24 mg/mL. Results show that the C. nutans extract leaves used to prevent PQ damage were effective in reducing flies’ mortality and improving locomotor capacity. Conclusion. Our studies demonstrated for the first time that C. nutans crude leaf extract has high antioxidant capacity both in vitro and in vivo through different analysis techniques. These results make it possible to infer future applications in the pharmacological area, evidenced by the low toxicity observed in D. melanogatser, as well as the ability to neutralize different sources of RONS.