The canopy structure and morphogenesis of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was investigated after it was over seeded with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and intercropped with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Time intervals between cuts were determined by different thermal sums (125, 250, 375, and 500 degree-days [DD]). Cuts were conducted at a height equivalent to 50% of the average canopy height. Morphogenic and structural data were collected from July to October of 2016 and 2017, from a completely randomized block experimental design. Canopy height, extended tiller height, pseudostem length, and forage mass were fitted to linear equations according to the thermal sums. Interaction of ryegrass with red clover was the highest (12.1%) for longer cut intervals (375 and 500 DD). The leaf appearance rate (0.0080 leaf/DD), phyllochron value (128.8 DD), and senescence rate (0.10 cm/DD) of ryegrass were comparable between the different intervals. The slowest elongation rate (0.06 cm/DD) with the shortest interval duration between cuts (171.6 DD) was observed in the 125 DD interval. According to the findings from this 2-year experiment, the use of a 250 DD cut interval was recommended between grazing events, taking into account the efficiency of forage use, ryegrass leaf, stem ratio, and interactions with red clover in the canopy under rotational stocking.
Pooled data analysis is an analytical method that combines results from multiple studies. This technique provides a more robust estimate of the effects of an investigation. We performed a database analysis from seventeen experiments developed at Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, between 1999 and 2017 to characterize individual performance per area and stocking rate with or without supplementation of replacement heifers grazing winter pastures. Data were separated into two groups: with and without energy supplement provision, and into five subgroups based on supplement levels. Heifers from both groups were maintained under similar forage biomass and leaf blade allowance. Statistical analyses were run on R software using a ‘meta’ package. Supplement supply increased average daily gain and gain of body condition scores by 11.1% and 20.0%, respectively. Supplement levels higher than 1.2% of body weight resulted in higher weight gain per area, with the stocking rate increasing with higher supplement levels.
Bacteriophages have been investigated as alternative to the treatment of bacterial infections, including bovine mastitis, in production animals. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated in vitro efficiency of phages of Staphylococcus aureus against S. aureus, which is involved in the etiology of bovine mastitis. Seventeen studies were included and the bacterial lytic activity was extracted using proportion analysis. The lytic efficiency of phages was obtained in this meta-analysis using a random-effects model [significant difference (P<0.05)]. Forest plots were used to graphically represent the efficiency of phages on bacterial isolates. Most phages (e.g., CS1, DW2, ΦSA011, ΦSA012, ΦSA022, ΦSA023, ΦSA024, ΦSA025, ΦSA037, ΦSA038, ΦSA039, ΦSA041, ΦSA042, ΦSA043, ΦSA044, MSA6, Ufv-aur2 to Ufv-aur11, SAH-1, SPW, vB_SauM_JS25, SaPh1 to SaPh6, SA, SANF, SA2, ΦSA012, ΦSA039, phi11, phiIPLA88, phiIPLA35, phiIPLA-RODI, phiIPLA-C1C, SAJK-IND, vBSP-A1, vBSP-A2, STA1.ST29, EB1.ST11, EB1.ST27, Remus, and ISP) were efficiently lytics or infected most S. aureus isolates, demonstrating 80% (P<0.05) lytic efficiency. The phages SA, SANF and SA2, also demonstrated lytic activity or infected the non-Staphylococcus aureus and Macrococcus caseolyticus isolates. In this meta-analysis, we compared and demonstrated the in vitro efficiency and host range of S. aureus phages. Additionally, the phages represent an alternative to be researched to treat bovine mastitis in dairy cattle caused by the prevalent microorganism, S. aureus.
Data from eight experiments were jointly analysed to characterize the ingestive behavior, displacement patterns, use of feeding stations and the dynamics of meals of beef heifers in different phenological stages of winter forages. The experiments included 360 heifers, with initial age of eight months and average body weight of 145.0 ± 17 kg. The grazing method was put-and-take stocking with variable number of animals. Grazing time, duration of meal and interval between meals were similar in the morning shift, regardless of the phenological stage. At the vegetative and pre-reproductive stages, in the afternoon, meals were longer. The average daily gain was greater at pre-reproductive being associated with the duration of the meal in the afternoon shift. Heifers change their ingestive behavior, bite rate, duration of meals, interval between meals, patterns of forage selection and number of steps per minute according to phenological stages and evaluation shifts in order to maintain a similar bite mass.
This work was conducted to study the efficiency of using nitrogen on Alexander Grass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) Hitch) through information about the characteristics of the pasture and forage intake of beef heifers. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM) in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from January to April of 2014. The treatments consisted of doses of zero, 150, or 300 kg/ ha nitrogen (N) in the form of urea. The study used a rotational pasture method and 16 Angus heifers with a mean initial age and body weight (BW) of 15 months and 276 ± 17.4 kg, respectively. Forage intake was evaluated by treating two picketed test heifers with chromium oxide (Cr2O3) for eleven days as an external indicator of fecal production. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the measurements were repeated over time with three treatments and two repetitions per area. Crude protein content was 3.4% higher under 300 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization compared to 150 kg/ ha (18.7%). Independent of the N application rate, the heifers ingested 2.2 ± 0.09 kg DM 100/ kg BW of forage. Nitrogen fertilization of Alexander grass modified the structure of the pasture, increasing the quality and total production of the forage. Heifers pastured on Alexander grass fertilized with 300 kg/ha nitrogen harvested forage with higher levels of crude protein. The structural change in the canopy let the heifers reduce their consumption of forage at the end of the Alexander grass life cycle.
The study was carried out to evaluate defoliation patterns and to quantify leaf tissue flows in Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) Hitch) grazed by beef heifers receiving whole rice bran in three levels of supplementation (0, 0.5 and 1 % of body weight). A rotational stocking grazing method and two area replications were utilized. The experimental design was completely randomized following a repeated measure arrangement. The supply of rice bran to heifers grazing Alexandergrass increased the stocking rate by 13%. Regardless of the feeding system, the heifers grazed the expanding leaf blades in the top stratum of the canopy more frequently compared to other types of leaf. Leaf tissue flows, leaf blade intake and grazing intensity have not been changed by supplement fed.
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