Background:Quality of life (QoL) in primary brain tumour (PBT) is often the main outcome measure in an otherwise incurable disease. The impact of psychiatric, cognitive correlates on quality of life in primary brain tumours is less well studied.Aims and objectives:The primary objective was to find out the association of psychiatric morbidity, cognitive functions with quality of life in patients with primary brain tumours. The secondary objective was to study whether any association exists with tumour grading, laterality, location and psychiatric morbidity.Materials and Methods:100 consecutive patients of PBT were screened in the Neuro-behavioural Clinic. Age, gender matched 52 healthy subjects were taken for comparison. Quality of life (qol) measure (EORTC), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), GHQ (12 item) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered.Results:52 PBT cases were included, out of which 17.30% had Organic Anxiety Disorder (F06.4), 23.07% had Organic Mood disorder (F06.3%).Statistically significant association was found in EORTC qol scores and anxiety scores (p 0.001), depressive scores (p 0.029), psychiatric morbidity (p0.000) .Significant association with tumour laterality, depression scores (p0.041) was found. PBT patients had poor quality of life as compared to matched healthy volunteers (p <0.001). Significant negative correlation between EORTC B-20, cognitive scores using Spearman's Rho (p0.005; r - 0.385), implying more symptoms with poor cognitive function scores. Psychiatric morbidity, cognitive dysfunction, poor qol were noted, though no association with tumour grading, location.Conclusion:Regular assessments, early intervention will help in improving quality of life in PBT.

Ophthalmia Nodosa is an ocular inflammatory response to foreign bodies like insect hair. Initially it manifests as marked lid edema and intense congestion with associated multiple corneal abrasions. Later, entry of insect hair in ocular tissues may result in nodular conjunctivitis, iridocyclitis, vitritis and panophthalmitis. Here, we present a similar case of insect hair in eye with recurrent attacks of conjunctivitis and ophthalmia nodosa which required multiple follow ups of hair removal and later surgical excision of nodular conjunctival lesions containing insect hair.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair is a common complication. This study compared the difference between Desarda repair and Lichtenstein repair for inguinal hernia in chronic groin pain. METHODS: One hundred patients with unilateral uncomplicated inguinal hernia were randomised to either Desarda repair (n = 50) or Lichtenstein repair (n = 50) under local anaesthesia and were evaluated for pain postoperatively. Operative time, surgical complications, time to return to normal gait and work, and overall patient satisfaction were recorded. The patient was blinded to the procedure. Any pain at three months (numerical rating scale 1 or more) was considered chronic pain. RESULTS: Mean operation time was approximately 5 minutes less for Desarda (p = 0.33). There was no significant difference in terms of pain level postoperatively between Lichtenstein and Desarda groups. Twenty-two (44%) patients in the Lichtenstein group had chronic pain, and twenty-one (45.7%) patients had chronic pain in the Desarda group (p = 0.871). No significant difference was observed in haematoma formation, wound infection, recurrence rate, seroma, or foreign body sensation. The mean time for patients to return to normal gait was approximately 0.5 day earlier for the Desarda group (p = 0.29). The mean time for patients to return to normal work was comparable (p = 0.99). Desarda group had a slightly higher satisfaction rate than the Lichtenstein group (9.1%). CONCLUSION: Desarda repair is not inferior to Lichtenstein repair in the short-term concerning complications or pain.

The separation of the judicial function from the other functions of government advances two constitutional objectives: the guarantee of liberty and, to that end, the independence of Ch III judges.

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