Background: Colorectal cancer is a common cancer all over the world. Aberrations in the cell cycle checkpoints have been shown to be of prognostic significance in colorectal cancer.

In haemodialysis patients, FGF-23 and ACI were significantly increased, and FGF-23 was independently associated with aortic calcification.

Serum NGAL and cystatin C could be valuable in the detection of early renal impairment after coronary angiography.

Diabetic patients had a low BMD after adjustment (Z score), low bone formation and high bone resorption markers. Diabetes control and increase in BMI leads to a decrease in the incidence of low bone mineral density. Diabetes causes an increase in body fat especially abdominal fat which leads to an increase in insulin resistance and decrease in lean mass.

Urinary levels of TWEAK, OPG, and MCP-1 positively correlate with renal involvement as assessed by rSLEDAI with reasonable sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values to detect lupus nephritis while IL-8 was not significantly associated with global or rSLEDAI.

Liver disease progression from CLD to HCC due to HCV genotype-4 infection is associated with an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. IL-2R, TNF-RI, and TNF-RII could be used as potential markers.

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