The WM tested appears to be a functional food as it improved the antioxidant status of increased CHD-risk volunteers. Despite its high energy content, it also appears adequate for overweight and obese people because did not exert negative effect upon body weight.
Human paraoxonase (PON1) exists in 2 major polymorphic forms and has been shown to protect LDL and HDL against oxidation. The aim of this study was to assess the differences between subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), taking into account the effects of PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms on 1) basal serum arylesterase activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), and oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL) concentrations; 2) the relations between arylesterase activity and lipid variables; and 3) the effect of walnut-enriched meat (WM) consumption on arylesterase activity and lipid variables. Twenty-three Caucasians at increased risk of CVD were randomly assigned to diet order groups in a crossover, nonblinded, placebo-controlled trial, consisting of two 5-wk experimental periods [WM and control meat (CM)]. Significant PON1-L55M x PON1-Q192R interactions affected basal serum HDL-C (P = 0.019), LDL-C (P = 0.028) and TC (P = 0.022) and tended to affect arylesterase activity (P = 0.083). Basal arylesterase activity was positively correlated with basal HDL-C (r = 0.53; P < 0.05) and TC (r = 0.43; P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with LPO (r = -0.70; P < 0.01) and the ox-LDL:LDL ratio (r = -0.63; P < 0.01). WM decreased arylesterase activity in PON1-55M carriers (P = 0.012) but not in PON1-L55 individuals, and decreased LPO concentrations in PON1-192R carriers (P = 0.031) but not in PON1-Q192 subjects. To conclude, serum TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentrations and arylesterase activity depend on the interaction of PON1-L55M and PON1-Q192R polymorphisms. However, the PON1-Q192R polymorphism is more closely related to antioxidant status. Both polymorphisms modulate the effect of WM consumption on CVD biomarkers.
Background/objective: Cardiovascular risk depends largely on paraoxonase (PON-1) and apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) gene polymorphisms. To compare the effects of consumption of walnut-enriched meat versus low-fat meat (LM) on selected soluble adhesion molecules and leukotrienes (LTB4). Subjects/Methods: In all 22 subjects at increased cardiovascular risk were taken. It is a non-blinded, cross-over, placebocontrolled study. Two 5-week experimental periods separated by 4-6 week wash-out interval. Participants consumed walnutenriched meat during one period and LM during the other. Diet characteristics, HDLc, Apo A1, paraoxonase, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and LTB4 were analysed. PON-1 55, PON-1 192 and APOA4 360 polymorphism effects were also assessed. Results: Individuals consuming walnut-enriched meat displayed higher paraoxonase activity (Po0.001), lower levels of sICAM and aVCAM (P ¼ 0.046, P ¼ 0.012, respectively) and leukotriene B4 (P ¼ 0.044), and lower paraoxonase-1/HDLc and paraoxonase-1/Apo A1 ratios (both, Po0.001) than those consuming LM. Paraoxonase levels correlated negatively with those of sICAM (r ¼ À0.471, Po0.01). Significant decreases (at least Po0.05) were observed in sICAM concentrations in PON-1 55LM þ MM, PON-1 QQ192 and APOA4-2 carriers while decreases in sVCAM in QR þ RR and APOA4-1 carriers were observed. Paraoxonase-1/HDLc and paraoxonase-1/Apo A1 ratios were significantly influenced by paraoxonase polymorphisms. Conclusions: Walnut-enriched meat appears as a functional meat as consumed in the framework of a mix diet lowered the concentration of some selected inflammatory chemoattractant biomarkers. This effect was largely influenced by PON-1 and Apo A4-360 polymorphisms.
Walnut consumption produces beneficial cardiovascular effects. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of meat enriched in walnut paste (WM) and low-fat meat (LM) consumptions on platelet aggregation, plasma thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 , measured as TXB 2 ), prostacyclin I 2 (PGI 2 , as 6-keto-PGF 1a ) and the thrombogenic ratio (TXB 2 /6-keto-PGF 1a ) in volunteers at high CVD risk. Twenty-two adults were placed on a random, non-blinded crossover study involving two test periods (five portions WM/week for 5 week; five portions LM/week for 5 week) separated by a 4-to 6-week washout period. The participants were asked to complete a diet record throughout the study. Platelet aggregation, plasma TXB 2 , 6-keto-PGF 1a production and the TXB 2 /6-keto-PGF 1 a ratio were determined at baseline and at weeks 3 and 5 for the two dietary periods. The WM diet contains a lower SFA content, a higher concentration of PUFA and a more favourable n-6/n-3 ratio than the LM diet. Significant time £ treatment interactions were observed for TXB 2 (P¼0·048) and the TXB 2 /6-keto-PGF 1 a ratio (P¼ 0·028). The WM diet significantly increased the level of 6-keto-PGF 1 a (P¼ 0·037) and decreased the TXB 2 /6-keto-PGF 1 a ratio (P¼ 0·048). At week 5, significant differences (P, 0·05) between treatments were found for maximum aggregation rate, TXB 2 values and the TXB 2 /6-keto-PGF 1 a ratio. The effects on TXB 2 and the TXB 2 /6-keto-PGF 1 a ratio were time-course dependent (P¼0·019 and 0·011, respectively). The WM and LM diets reduced TXB 2 levels most (P¼ 0·050) in obese individuals, while the TXB 2 /6-keto-PGF 1 a ratio decreased most (P¼0·066) in volunteers whose serum cholesterol levels were $2200 mg/l. The WM diet should be considered a functional meat because it improves the thrombogenic status mainly in individuals with high-cholesterol levels or high BMI.Meat enriched in walnut paste: Low-fat meat: Platelet aggregation: Prostacyclin: Thromboxane: Thrombogenic ratio: Functional food
WM consumption should be preferred to CM. The intake of WM vs CM increased PON-1 but the effect upon other antioxidant enzymes and substrates varied depending on the individual's PON-1 polymorphism. PON-1 192QR+RR carriers appear the targets for WM consumption as they increased enzyme activities and γ-tocopherol levels and decreased lipoperoxides.
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