Background Smartphone apps are a promising tool for delivering accessible and appealing physical activity interventions. Given the large growth of research in this field, there are now enough studies using the “gold standard” of experimental design—the randomized controlled trial design—and employing objective measurements of physical activity, to support a meta-analysis of these scientifically rigorous studies. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of smartphone apps for increasing objectively measured physical activity in adults. Methods A total of 7 electronic databases (EMBASE, EmCare, MEDLINE, Scopus, Sport Discus, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched from 2007 to January 2018. Following the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome and Study Design format, studies were eligible if they were randomized controlled trials involving adults, used a smartphone app as the primary or sole component of the physical activity intervention, used a no- or minimal-intervention control condition, and measured objective physical activity either in the form of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity minutes or steps. Study quality was assessed using a 25-item tool based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist. A meta-analysis of study effects was conducted using a random effects model approach. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine whether intervention effectiveness differed on the basis of intervention length, target behavior (physical activity alone vs physical activity in combination with other health behaviors), or target population (general adult population vs specific health populations). Results Following removal of duplicates, a total of 6170 studies were identified from the original database searches. Of these, 9 studies, involving a total of 1740 participants, met eligibility criteria. Of these, 6 studies could be included in a meta-analysis of the effects of physical activity apps on steps per day. In comparison with the control conditions, smartphone apps produced a nonsignificant ( P =.19) increase in participants’ average steps per day, with a mean difference of 476.75 steps per day (95% CI −229.57 to 1183.07) between groups. Sensitivity analyses suggested that physical activity programs with a duration of less than 3 months were more effective than apps evaluated across more than 3 months ( P =.01), and that physical activity apps that targeted physical activity in isolation were more effective than apps that targeted physical activity in combination with diet ( P =.04). Physical activity app effectiveness did not appear to differ on the basis of target population. Conclusions This meta-analysis provides modest evidence supporting the effectiveness of smartphone apps to increase physical activity. To...

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Introduction: A mental health crisis has hit university campuses across the world. This study sought to determine the prevalence and social determinants of depressive symptoms among university students in twelve countries. Particular focus was placed on the association between social capital and depressive symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among students at their first year at university in Europe, Asia, the Western Pacific, and Latin and North America. Data were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire, including questions on sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, and social capital. The simplified Beck's Depression Inventory was used to measure the severity of depressive symptoms. Social capital was assessed using items drawn from the World Bank Integrated Questionnaire to Measure Social Capital. Multilevel analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between social capital and depressive symptoms, adjusting for individual covariates (e.g., perceived stress) and country-level characteristics (e.g., economic development). Results: Among 4228 students, 48% presented clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Lower levels of cognitive (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.44-2.29) and behavioral social capital (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.29-1.76) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. The likelihood of having depressive symptoms was also significantly higher among those living in regions with lower levels of social capital.

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Two group constructs positively related to sport adherence are team cohesion (Spink, 1995) and groupness (Crozier & Spink, 2014). Given that both constructs likely share some conceptual overlap, it is unclear how they might relate to an adherence outcome when examined together. To address this, the effect of varying levels of both cohesion and groupness on an individual athlete's intention to return to a sport team was examined using a within-subjects experimental design. Adult soccer players (N ϭ 68) read 4 hypothetical soccer team scenarios where the description differed in the levels of cohesion (high vs. low) and groupness (high vs. low) associated with each team. While imagining themselves as a member of each team, participants rated their intention to return to that team in the future based on the cohesion/groupness characteristics outlined in the team description. ANOVA results indicated that the overall model was significant (p Ͻ .001), with a strong effect size ( p 2 ϭ .72). Post hoc analyses revealed that intention to return to a team was higher when teams were described as possessing more versus less of either cohesion or groupness. As well, an additive effect emerged, such that intention to return was highest when imagining oneself as a member of the high cohesion/high groupness team. Although in need of real-world replication, this provides initial support for the idea that cohesion and groupness have additive effects on intention to return.

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