A new species of Borreria (Rubiaceae) from Chapada do Apodi in northeastern Brazil is described and illustrated. A distribution map, illustrations, a conservation assessment, a key to morphologically similar taxa and images of the seeds and pollen grains are provided.
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
Resumo O presente trabalho consiste do tratamento taxonômico de Borreria para a flora do Ceará. A partir de observações de campo e análise de materiais de herbário foram registradas 11 espécies: Borreria apodiensis, B. brownii, B. capitata, B. cupularis, B. latifolia, B. ocymifolia, B. scabiosoides, B. spinosa, B. tenella, B. verticillata e B. virgata. A maioria das espécies habita a vegetação de Caatinga e nove estão em Unidades de Conservação Ambiental. B. brownii, B. spinosa e B. verticillata são amplamente distribuídas nas unidades fitoecológicas do estado. Quatro espécies apresentam ocorrência mais restrita no Ceará: B. capitata e B. cupularis (na Chapada do Araripe), B. tenella (na Serra de Ubatuba e áreas adjacentes) e B. virgata (no Planalto da Ibiapaba). B. apodiensis é endêmica do Brasil, com distribuição restrita à Chapada do Apodi. Chave de identificação, descrições, imagens, dados de distribuição geográfica e habitat são apresentados.
A new species of Casearia is described from Coastal Lowland Forest and Sub-montane Forest in the states of Paraíba and Pernambuco. The new species is morphologically most related to Casearia souzae R.Marquete & Mansano, being distinguished by its leaf, sepals and ovary without glands, leaf apex with no apicule, internal surface of the sepals glabrous, lobes of the nectariferous disc oblong and densely pilose, and stigma glabrous.
Based on new records, we expand the geographical distributions of 6 species of Salicaceae: Banara nitida Spruce ex Benth., Casearia marquetei Nepom. & M. Alves, C. souzae R. Marquete & Mansano, Macrothumia kuhlmannii (Sleumer) Alford, Xylosma glaberrima Sleumer, and X. pseudosalzmanii Sleumer, from the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. Illustrations of the diagnostic characters of the species, maps of geographic distribution, and a key for identification of the genera of Salicaceae occurring in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga are provided.
Resumo O presente trabalho faz parte da série de monografias taxonômicas realizadas na porção norte da Mata Atlântica. A partir de observações de campo e análise de materiais de herbário foram registradas 25 espécies pertencentes a cinco gêneros. As espécies Casearia aculeata e C. ulmifolia são novos registros para a área de estudo. Chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, dados de distribuição geográfica e habitat são apresentados.
The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes in the world. Despite that, this biome still includes many areas that are poorly known floristically, including several protected areas, such as the "Floresta Nacional do Rio Preto" ("Flona do Rio Preto"), located in the Brazilian State of Espírito Santo. This study used a published vascular plant species list for this protected area from the "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil" as the basis to synthesise the species richness, endemism, conservation and new species occurrences found in the "Flona do Rio Preto". The published list of vascular plants was based on field expeditions conducted between 2018 and 2020 and data obtained from herbarium collections available in online databases. Overall, 722 species were documented for the "Flona do Rio Preto", 711 of which are native to Brazil and 349 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. In addition, 60 species are geographically disjunct between the Atlantic and the Amazon Forests. Most of the documented species are woody and more than 50% of these are trees. Twenty-three species are threatened (CR, EN and VU), while five are Data Deficient (DD). Thirty-two species are new records for the State of Espírito Santo. Our results expand the knowledge of the flora of the Atlantic Forest and provide support for the development of new conservation policies for this protected area.
In this study, we analyse a species complex in Epidendrum, a mega-diverse Neotropical orchid genus, that is formed by the 11 Brazilian species of the E. difforme group. Although this group (c. 100 taxa) exhibits relatively high levels of floral variation, the Brazilian species are similar, making delimitation problematic. Here we combine molecular (phylogenetics), morphological (geometric morphometrics), genome size and cytogenetic (chromosome counts and CMA/DAPI staining) data to investigate circumscription of these species. Our results were interpreted by looking for congruence of the results as a means to delimit species. The studied taxa appear to be monophyletic, and karyotypically all analysed accessions were 2n = 40. Their 1C values vary from 1.99 ± 07 pg to 2.84 ± 0.12 pg. We did not find evidence for recent polyploidy or dysploidy and, apparently, these phenomena have not been important in the evolution of this species complex. On the other hand, we found high levels of polymorphism for CMA/DAPI banding, and variation in genome size appears to be positively correlated with latitude. Geometric morphometrics indicate that E. sanchezii and E. anatipedium/E. amarajiense are distinct from the remaining species, and three groups of other species can be separated using canonical variables analysis (CVA). Variation in lip shape, genome size and heterochromatin patterns of the taxa are not fully congruent with the phylogenetic analysis, but our results allowed us to delimit with full confidence four species: E. amapense, E. anatipedium (including E. amarajiense), E. pseudodifforme (including E. campaccii and E. thiagoi) and E. sanchezii. Four others will be tentatively maintained but need further study. Our results indicate that it will be necessary to reassess many of the species complexes in the genus using a similar multidisciplinary perspective to evaluate the number of taxa that should be recognized.
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