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ObjectiveThe objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms that indicate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of human milk samples collected at a Human Milk Bank. MethodsThree hundred and thirty eight (338) samples of human milk collected from a milk bank in a maternity in the municipality of Goiânia, in the state of Goias, Brazil were submitted to microbiological analysis. The latter were plated on McConkey agar according to the type of bacteria. Among the total number of samples collected, 194 consisted of raw milk and the remaining 144 were pasteurized milk.

An attempt was made to evaluate microbiological quality of horticultural crops grown organically. Three species of vegetables were used, lettuce (Lactuva sativa), radish (Raphanus sativus) and spinach (Tetragonia expansa), grown organically, in fertile soil. Six different treatments were applied: mineral fertilizer, chicken, cow, and pig manure, chicken litter and cow manure, in association with a liquid foliar biofertilizer. These crops were handled according to correct agronomic practices for growing crops organically for commercial purposes. Samples were examined for the Most Probable Number (MPN/g/mL) of total and fecal coliforms and to detect the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. All analyzed samples were considered acceptable for consumption, as Salmonella spp. was not detected. However, 63.3%, 50.0%, and 23.3% of the samples of lettuce, radish and spinach, respectively, contained ≥10 2 total coliforms/g of product. None of the samples of spinach or radish presented ≥10 2 fecal coliforms/g, and only 6.6% of lettuce samples contained >10 2 fecal coliforms/g. The presence of E. coli was confirmed in one sample of spinach, cultivated with cow manure.

The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the enteral diet microbiological quality and the factors associated to its contamination. The study highlights the use of molecular biology as an instrument to correlate strains to determine the origin of the final product contamination.

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From February 2004 to March 2005, 140 samples of food handlers -hands and nostrils -(92), raw milk (24), and minas frescal cheese (24) were analyzed for the presence of Escherichia coli in a dairy processing plant of Goiás State. Forty-seven E. coli strains were obtained and compared by DNA macrorestriction patterns obtained from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis following XbaI restriction in order to investigate the possible sources of cheese contaminations. Based on PFGE genotyping, one strain isolated from food the hands of a handler and five strains isolated from raw milk were identical or closely related to six strains from cheese suggesting, in these cases, the probable source of E. coli contamination in cheeses. No strain isolated from the nostrils was related to those found in cheeses or milk strains. The results showed high diversity among the strains, demonstrating a lack of predominance of an endemic clone in the dairy plant. This paper highlights the usefulness of PFGE as an epidemiological tool for determining the source of E. coli contamination in the food industry.Keywords: Escherichia coli, pulsotypes, minas frescal cheese, raw milk, food handlers RESUMO

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O trabalho teve por objetivo isolar, identificar e caracterizar fenotipicamente utilizando o antibiograma, Staphylococcus aureus isolados de manipuladores, leite cru e queijo Minas Frescal, em um laticínio de Goiás. Durante doze meses (Março/2004 a Fevereiro/2005) 140 amostras foram analisadas. As cepas foram isoladas de 75% dos manipuladores resultando em 31 (33,7%) isolados a partir de 92 amostras coletadas (46 de mãos e 46 de nasofaringe). Das 24 amostras de leite cru, 18 (75,0%) foram positivas, resultando em 26 isolados, com média de contagem de 1,1 x 10(5) UFC/ml. Das 24 amostras de queijo 17 (70,8%) foram positivas originando 20 isolados, com média de 3,8 x 10(4) UFC/g, sendo 13 (54,2%) com população acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação brasileira (10³ UFC/g). A tipagem das cepas foi feita pelo antibiograma, através do método de difusão em placas. Todos os isolados foram susceptíveis à ciprofloxacina e gentamicina. Foi observada resistência em cinco (6,5%) isolados para eritromicina, 19 (24,7%) para tetraciclina, um (1,3%) para vancomicina, quatro (5,2%) para oxacilina e 53 (68,8%) para penicilina. Onze (14,3%) isolados foram susceptíveis a todos os antibióticos testados e 18 (23,4%) foram resistentes a mais de um antibiótico. O antibiograma permitiu a classificação das cepas em doze perfis diferentes (A-L), porém não foi uma técnica eficiente em determinar a origem da contaminação final do queijo.