Increasing population growth causes demand for daily necessities to increase as well, one of which is soap, because almost all humans use soap to wash and clean themselves. The purpose of this reseacrh was to determine the optimum ratio of coconut oil and palm oil to produce the best transparent solid soap and tomato lycopene extract added to maximize the benefits of the soap. Characterization includes water content, total fat, insoluble material in ethanol, free alkali, free fatty acids, non-soaped fats, pH, foam stability, and antioxidant activity from lycopene. The best result was soap with ratio of coconut oil and palm oil 1: 0. The resulting soap has a high transparency, smooth foam, water content of 3.546%, foam stability of 96%, and pH of 10. Soap accordance with SNI3532-2016, except the unsaponifiables fat. The analysis results obtained water content of 3.486%, total fat of 73.616%, insoluble material in ethanol of 1.2%, free fatty acid of 0.564%, negative free alkali, unsaponifiables fat of 0.7294% and Lycopene antioxidant activity of 54.85 µg/mL.
The choice of pretreatment is a very important in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. This helps to eliminate lignin partition between cellulose and hemicellulose. However, various methods generate diverse effects on the material structure and composition. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to delignify sugarcane bagasse by ozonolysis, followed by hydrolysis and fermentation. Also, the morphology of the samples was analyzed using SEM, while hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content were characterized by the Chesson process. The sample was hydrolyzed using 1% (v/v) sulfuric acid and the bioethanol fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was detected by gas chromatography. Furthermore, ozone was applied for 90 minutes at pH 3.0 in the delignification process. This produces cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin estimated at 59%, 22%, and 6%, respectively. However, ozonolysis was employed to reduce lignin for up to 217%. Meanwhile, the hydrolysed samples were known to rapidly decrease the reducing sugar from 19.342 to 2.86 mg/L after heating at 100ºC. Subsequently, the fermentation stage recorded the highest ethanol production, estimated at 0.79% (v/v). The result showed lignin removal was conducted in an eco-friendly and efficient condition. Therefore, the need for further study is possible in order to optimize certain parameters for maximum bioethanol production.
Avogadro’s hypothesis, which in reality is used as a “basis” in determining/calculating various thermodynamic variables, and decreasing various derivative equations, is less understandable. Avogadro’s hypothesis is a “hypothesis”, not a “law” that has been widely and correctly proven both analytically and empirically. For this reason, this paper discusses the objections associated with the hypothesis, as well as alternative solutions to determine the gas constant value R (not the universal gas constant as obtained from Avogadro’shypothesis) which depends on the type of gas. These gas constants are obtained through a simple assumption, that is from the definition that 1 (one) mole of gas is a unit related to the number of gas molecules in a certain volume measured at STP conditions (pressure 1 atm, and temperature 25°C = 298°K). With this assumption, it is clear that the gas constant is unique, so it becomes the character of the gas (for gas type X is R X =V X/298 litters · mol−1 · atm · K−1).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.