Background: In Indonesia, colorectal cancer is the third most common type. In 2008, Indonesia ranked fourth in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, with an incidence rate of 17.2 per 100 000 population. This figure is predicted to continue to increase from year to year. In 30% of colorectal cancer patients diagnosed after metastases, some patients will develop metastases after undergoing surgical resection of the primary tumor. The survival of metastatic colorectal cancer patients has improved significantly in the last 20 years with the introduction of target-oriented drugs, anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and anti–human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). This study aims to assess the relationship between Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation and HER2 expression for targeted therapy implementation. Patients and methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The research subjects in this study were colorectal cancer patients in the digestive surgery division. There were 58 study subjects. Examination of KRAS mutations was carried out by PCR on fresh tumor tissue obtained from surgery or colonoscopy. Meanwhile, the HER2 examination used the immunohistochemistry method of paraffin blocks for anatomical pathology examination. Results: Examination of KRAS mutations showed 28/58 (43.8%) patients with colorectal cancer, while HER2 overexpression was found in 6/58 (10.3%) patients with colorectal cancer. Univariate analysis of KRAS mutations and HER2 expression showed that four subjects with KRAS mutations had excess HER2 expression (P=0.341). Conclusion: There is no association between KRAS mutations and HER2 overexpression in colorectal cancer patients.
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the world’s third most common type of cancer. Case studies have shown an inverse correlation between serum Vitamin D levels and the incidence of human colorectal cancer. AIM: This study aims to assess Vitamin D levels in patients who underwent colonoscopy for diagnostic colorectal cancer. METHODS: This research is a cross-sectional study. This study’s subjects were patients who visited the Digestive Surgery polyclinic and underwent a colonoscopy to diagnose colorectal cancer. Level of Vitamin D was collected before the colonoscopy examination and categorized into three groups: Vitamin D with a value of < 20 ng/mL indicates a deficiency, a level of 20–30 ng/mL as an insufficiency level, and a value > 30 ng/mL as a sufficient value. A colonoscopy examination was performed to obtain a diagnosis of colorectal cancer based on anatomical pathology examination. RESULTS: Examination of Vitamin D levels from 120 subjects showed that the average vitamin level was 16.36 ng/mL, which indicates Vitamin D deficiency levels. A total of 85 (70.8%) subjects showed Vitamin D deficiency, as many as 24 (20%) showed Vitamin D insufficiency levels, and only 11 (9.2%) study subjects showed sufficient Vitamin D levels. The colonoscopy showed 60 (50%) subjects with colorectal cancer. The relationship between Vitamin D levels and the diagnosis of CRC showed a value of p = 0.60 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference between low levels of Vitamin D and the diagnosis of colorectal cancer patients.
Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the world’s third most common type of cancer. Case studies have shown an inverse correlation between serum vitamin D levels and the incidence of human colorectal cancer. This study aims to assess vitamin D levels in patients who underwent colonoscopy for diagnostic colorectal cancer. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study with subjects in this study were patients who came to the Digestive Surgery polyclinic and underwent a colonoscopy for diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Level of vitamin D was collected before the colonoscopy examination and categorized into three groups, vitamin D with a value of < 20 ng/mL indicate a deficiency, a level of 20 – 30 ng/mL as an insufficiency level, and a value > 30 ng/mL as a sufficient value. A colonoscopy examination was performed to obtain a diagnosis of colorectal cancer based on anatomical pathology examination. Result: Examination of vitamin D levels from 120 subjects showed the average vitamin level was 16.36 ng/mL, which indicates vitamin D deficiency levels. A total of 85 subjects (70.8%) showed vitamin D deficiency, as many as 24 (20%) showed vitamin D insufficiency levels, and only 11 study subjects (9.2%) showed sufficient vitamin D levels. The colonoscopy showed 60 subjects (50%) with colorectal cancer. The relationship between vitamin D levels and the diagnosis of CRC showed a value of p = 0.60 (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference between low levels of Vitamin D and the diagnosis of colorectal cancer patients.
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