Vitamin D and Diagnostic Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer in Indonesian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the world’s third most common type of cancer. Case studies have shown an inverse correlation between serum Vitamin D levels and the incidence of human colorectal cancer. AIM: This study aims to assess Vitamin D levels in patients who underwent colonoscopy for diagnostic colorectal cancer. METHODS: This research is a cross-sectional study. This study’s subjects were patients who visited the Digestive Surgery polyclinic and underwent a colonoscopy to diagnose colorectal cancer. Level of Vitamin D was collected before the colonoscopy examination and categorized into three groups: Vitamin D with a value of < 20 ng/mL indicates a deficiency, a level of 20–30 ng/mL as an insufficiency level, and a value > 30 ng/mL as a sufficient value. A colonoscopy examination was performed to obtain a diagnosis of colorectal cancer based on anatomical pathology examination. RESULTS: Examination of Vitamin D levels from 120 subjects showed that the average vitamin level was 16.36 ng/mL, which indicates Vitamin D deficiency levels. A total of 85 (70.8%) subjects showed Vitamin D deficiency, as many as 24 (20%) showed Vitamin D insufficiency levels, and only 11 (9.2%) study subjects showed sufficient Vitamin D levels. The colonoscopy showed 60 (50%) subjects with colorectal cancer. The relationship between Vitamin D levels and the diagnosis of CRC showed a value of p = 0.60 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference between low levels of Vitamin D and the diagnosis of colorectal cancer patients.

Intra‐tumoral tumor infiltrating Lymphocyte‐T CD8+ and chemotherapy response in colorectal cancer: A prospective observational study

“…Larger data were also needed as the tertiary hospital where this study was held only covered one part of the area in which the subjects might have similar characteristics; thus, larger areas are needed to include subjects with different characteristics to consider other factors that might this research. As the trend of colorectal cancer patients is changing, the examination of risk factors, genetic mutations, and immunological status of colorectal cancer patients has become important to implement personalized cancer treatment, especially in advanced colorectal cancer [22,[40][41][42][43][44] .…”

Relationship between Age and The Histopathological Features to Chemotherapy Response in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Prospective Observational Study

“…31 In another study, mucinous adenocarcinomas are more commonly associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), microsatellite instability (MSI), and KRAS mutations, as well as molecular characteristics that support tumor growth and invasion, resulting in aggressive behavior and lymphovascular invasion leading to higher stages. 32 33 34 35…”

“…31 In another study, mucinous adenocarcinomas are more commonly associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), microsatellite instability (MSI), and KRAS mutations, as well as molecular characteristics that support tumor growth and invasion, resulting in aggressive behavior and lymphovascular invasion leading to higher stages. [32][33][34][35] Patients with stage III (node-positive) disease should be treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Approved regimens include FOLFOX or XELOX for six months.…”