Mexican migrant and seasonal farmworkers in the US-Mexico border region face health hazards and occupational risks and are becoming commonly known in the public health literature. According to several studies, farmworkers have high levels of chronic diseases such as diabetes and respiratory problems, are at risk for infectious diseases, and experience among the highest incidences of work-related injuries of any profession. The findings from two studies are considered and presented with the objective of contributing to an overall understanding of migrant farmworkers as a workforce moving across national boundaries and affected by the work environments and health stressors both shared and unique to each context. We propose a binational approach to comprehensively address the health problems and socioeconomic challenges faced by migrant and seasonal farmworkers. In this paper we present the results of two distinct but complementary studies of farmworker health on the Arizona-Sonora border.

One of the main strengths of today's global food system is the labor force. Within emergent countries, farmworkers are an important element of competitiveness. However, food production that frequently stands in developed countries family tables rests upon the usually precarious living and health conditions of farmworkers, especially those that should migrate from regions that are far from the agribusiness where they work and live most of the year. Furthermore, healthcare becomes a challenging task because of cultural, socioeconomic and ethnic barriers. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a Community Health Worker (CHW) training model among agricultural Mexican migrant farmworkers, focusing on strengthening a health prevention environment conducive to improve health. This was a qualitative action-driven research carried out in southern Mexico communities as well as at northwest Mexico agribusiness. The project was implemented in four stages: needs assessment, curriculum design, training and implementation and process evaluation. The socioecological model guided our methodological and analytical process; we followed a Community Based Participatory Approach (CBPA) to interview and train a network of 40 CHW. Results showed that CHW's main health priorities were dehydration and heat stroke, respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, work accidents, hygiene, nutrition, as well as mental health including substance abuse and depression. Training evaluation 1) improved communication between middle management and migrant farmworkers, as well as between middle management and farm administrators, 2) increased middle management consciousness about farmworkers health needs and responsibility, and 3) increased awareness about how improving the environment could help prevent diseases.

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El saber de mis hijos hará mi grandeza" 3Volumen XV, Número 2 RESUMENInseguridad alimentaria, significa ausencia de acceso físico, económico y social a alimentos suficientes para llevar una vida activa y saludable. El objetivo del presente estudio fue recabar información sobre las experiencias de inseguridad alimentaria de mujeres de bajos recursos económicos del noroeste de México. Se seleccionaron 204 representantes del hogar de diferentes localidades del noroeste de México. Se realizaron 29 grupos de enfoque. En promedio, la edad de las participantes fue de 39 años, el 71% se dedicaban a las labores del hogar, 58% completó la primaria y el 5% reportó tener algún grado de licenciatura. El 74% de los hogares presentaron un ingreso familiar mensual de $3,895, que los ubica en pobreza. Existe inseguridad alimentaria entre las familias estudiadas, aunada a situaciones emocionales y físicas como: dolor de cabeza, dolor de estómago, desesperación y depresión. Las causas de la inseguridad alimentaria se debieron a ingreso insuficiente, gastos en educación, servicios básicos, salud y a situaciones climáticas. La inseguridad alimentaria no es distinta a la reportada en el ámbito mundial. El estudio, brinda información clave para tener una mejor comprensión de la inseguridad alimentaria para aquéllos que se encuentran desarrollando políticas públicas encaminadas a reducirla en ámbitos locales. Palabras clave: Inseguridad alimentaria, grupos de enfoque, escasez de alimentos, desesperación

Objectives To examine the relationship between prevalence of overweight and obesity in adult women, household food insecurity (FI) and local food environment measures in Hermosillo, Mexico. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study design with a multi-stage sampling process for neighborhoods, households and individuals (in areas with medium and high levels of social marginalization). Measures of body weight, height and waist circumference from adult women were collected from September to November 2018. Through validated questionnaires and face-to-face interviews, we assessed food security (scale of food security for families in northwestern Mexico), perception of the local food environment (NEMS-P), socioeconomic status and self-reported physical activity. Results Prevalence of overweight and obesity among women was 80.5%, 82% were moderately active, and 69% did mainly housework. Seventy nine % of households showed some level of FI. Participants reported mainly supermarkets and corner stores for food purchasing (75.7% and 15.4%, respectively). There was a higher probability of obesity in women who visited neighborhood corner stores daily compared to those who purchased in other food establishments (OR: 3.66; 95% CI, 1.2–10.4). Among households with FI, the consumption of food while watching television, occupation, cohabitation status (being married or living with a partner) and the frequency and places of food purchasing, were associated with women´s overweight or obesity (P < 0.05). There was an association between women's waist circumference and severe household FI (P < 0.05). Conclusions The food environment and household FI were related to the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult women. Funding Sources This research was funded by the Interdisciplinary Research Network on Obesity Prevention at Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo.

Objetivo: identificar cambios en el consumo de alimentos y energía de escolares sonorenses en el periodo 2010-2018. Metodología: estudio transversal analítico que determinó el patrón de consumo utilizando bases de datos dietarios (R24-horas) y examinando tendencias de consumo de alimentos de 2010-2018. Resultados: se observaron tendencias hacia el aumento en consumo per cápita de queso c/grasa, carnes, pollo, soda de cola, tortilla y productos de trigo y frituras (p≤0.01). Aumentos en el consumo de huevo, frijol, tortilla y productos de maíz (p≤0.01). También, disminución en consumo de leches y alimentos no recomendables como cereales para desayuno, bebidas azucaradas, panes y galletas (p≤0.01). Limitaciones: algunos alimentos podrían estar sub o sobreestimados de acuerdo con las características de la población; sin embargo, la capacitación del personal para la obtención la información minimiza las posibilidades de error. Conclusiones: las tendencias en el consumo de alimentos recomendados y no recomendados parecen sugerir que las regulaciones nacionales sobre bebidas azucaradas y alimentos de alto contenido energético entre los niños podrían estar relacionadas con el consumo de alimentos durante el período 2012-014. Asimismo, que el consumo energético de ambos tipos de alimentos resulta alto según las recomendaciones, alertando sobre el tamaño de las porciones para futuras intervenciones.

Objectives To analyze the evolution of the school breakfast program (SBP) in Sonora, according to the challenges presented during the period 1996–2018. Methods This is an anthology of what has been the SBP in Sonora for twenty-two years. The results of the program (1996–2018) were analyzed and discussed, according to the different stages through which it has been developed, as well as the evaluations that constituted the starting point for the subsequent stages; published in four articles, seven master's theses and technical reports delivered to the National System for Integral Family Development (DIF) -Sonora by researchers from the Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD, A.C.) Results Follow-up studies of the SBP in Sonora included dietary evaluations and design of school breakfast menus (SB), impact on micronutrient deficiencies and the presence of overweight and obesity. The evidence showed that SB constitutes a complementary contribution of nutrients in the diet of the participants; it also did not introduce risk factors for children's health such as excessive amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol. The results of the studies on the nutritional status of children include the measurement of cognitive development, the adequacy of the diet, as well as the evaluation of anthropometric indicators, biochemical micronutrient status and cardiovascular risk for overweight and obesity, finally the inclusion of nutritional education through the implementation of programs to promote water consumption, practice of physical activity and healthy eating. The monitoring and evaluation of the SBP has allowed changes consistent with the needs of children and does not constitute a risk for the development of childhood obesity. In addition, for the benefits presented in the program such as the implementation process, sustainability, institutionalization, participation of parents and the school community and good adherence to the program has been managed to evaluate nutritional education in school and home contexts to achieve sustainable changes in dietary practices and physical activity. Conclusions The process of monitoring the program allows an adequate organizational environment for the implementation of a nutritional education program leading to the prevention of childhood obesity. The next challenge is to ensure the institutionalization of nutritional education within the SBP in Sonora. Funding Sources Sistema Integral para el Desarrollo de la Familia, DIF Sonora.

Introducción: Caracterizada por un exceso del tejido adiposo visceral (TAV), la obesidad abdominal incrementa el riesgo del síndrome metabólico. El método más popular para evaluar la obesidad infantil es el índice de masa corporal para la edad (IMC), aunque estudios recientes sugieren la circunferencia de cintura (CC) o el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia de indicadores antropométricos para predecir TAV y clasificar sobrepeso más obesidad (SO/OB). Material y Método: Estudio transversal, analítico y comparativo. Se evaluaron 59 niños (47.5% mujeres) de 10.6 ± 2.1 años de edad en escuelas públicas de Hermosillo, Sonora, México; se examinaron variables antropométricas, estimando el IMC e ICE, se determinó el TAV mediante Absorciometría Dual de Rayos X (DEXA); se analizó mediante: regresión lineal múltiple, concordancia con el modelo de Bland y Altman e índice Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: El modelo más eficiente para predecir TAV fue el de la CC (R2=0.90). Los indicadores antropométricos tuvieron buena concordancia entre sí en el diagnóstico de SO/OB (Kappa ≥ 0.6), aunque el análisis de Bland y Altman indicó buena concordancia entre CC-TAV e ICE-TAV. Conclusiones: Los mejores predictores del TAV fueron CC e ICE. Los resultados sugieren que CC e ICE resultan los mejores indicadores para evaluar obesidad abdominal y diagnosticar SO/OB en niños y adolescentes mexicanos.