Breathing is a vital process for the human body that occurs normally through the nose. One of the most common oral habits in children is mouth breathing. Mouthbreathing is a respiratory dysfunction that affects approximately 10-15% of the pediatric po-pulation. The etiology is multifactorial, with the most common cause is obstruction in the nasopharynx. Mouth breathing has wide-ranging consequences and involves different areas of the body, including the mouth, craniofacial development, upper and lower airway. This paper is aimed to determine the impact of mouth breathing on dentocraniofacial changes in children; using literaturestudy by collecting sources that relevant to the topic, processing data using the matrix method, and synthesizing infor-mation from journals that are used as references. It was concluded that mouth breathing habit in the children population have an impact to dentocraniofacial changes.
According to the Central Statistics Agency, the percentage of smokers among Indonesians aged 15 years is relatively high. It was 32.20%, 29.03%, and 28.69%, in 2018, 2019, and 2020 respectively. Cigarettes contain tar that changes into a solid and builds up colored plaque when entering the mouth. Perpetual cigarette smoke causes brown pigmentation on the mucosa, known as smoker's melanosis. Smoker's melanosis is abundant in gums and lips. This study's objective was to analyze the correlations between a smoking habit with teeth, gums, and lips discoloration in an active smoker. This study was an observational analysis with a survey approach from January to May 2021 in Bandung. The sample was 100 males, consisting of 38 active smokers and 62 non-smokers as a comparison group. Data were analyzed by Pearson and Spearman test. This study shows a significant correlation between smoking habit and teeth discoloration (p=0.01), also shows a statistically significant correlation between a smoking habit and gum discoloration (p=0.00), and there is a significant correlation (p=0.00) between a smoking habit and lips discoloration. In conclusion, there is a correlation between a smoking habit and teeth, gums, and lips discoloration.
Abstract. Smoking is a major risk factor for respiratory disease that can be detected early by knowing the symptoms of respiratory disorders. Smoking has become a habit for many Indonesians, including some employees of Bandung Islamic University (Unisba). This study aimed to analyse the relationship between smoking degree and respiratory symptoms in Unisba employees. The research method was an analytic study and the research design was cross sectional with a purposive sampling technique. Respondents were 77 Unisba employees who were divided into two groups, namely 33 risk factor groups (active smokers) and 44 control groups (non-smokers) for comparison. The smoking degree was assessed using a form based on the Brinkman index (the average number of cigarettes smoked per day in sticks multiplied by the length of smoking in years) which grouped into mild, moderate, and heavy smoker. Respiratory symptoms were assessed using a standard COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire which categorized into normal (asymptomatic) and abnormal (mild, moderate, severe, and very severe symptoms). Research data were analysed using fisher's exact test as an alternative because the chi square test requirements were not met. The analysis results showed p value=0.921 (p>0.05), meaning that the results were not statistically significant. The conclusion of the study is that there is no relationship between the smoking degree and respiratory symptoms in Unisba employees. Factors that can influence are passive smoking, smoking history, age, history of respiratory disease, nutritional status, exercise habits, and exposure to dust. Abstrak. Merokok merupakan faktor risiko utama dari penyakit pernapasan yang dapat dideteksi secara dini dengan mengetahui gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan. Merokok telah menjadi kebiasaan bagi banyak masyarakat Indonesia, termasuk sebagian pegawai Universitas Islam Bandung (Unisba). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan derajat merokok dengan gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan pada pegawai Unisba. Metode penelitian merupakan studi analitik dan rancangan pendekatan cross sectional dengan teknik pemilihan sampel purposive sampling. Responden sebanyak 77 pegawai Unisba yang terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu 33 kelompok faktor risiko (perokok aktif) dan 44 kelompok kontrol (bukan perokok) sebagai pembanding. Derajat merokok dinilai menggunakan formulir isian berdasarkan indeks Brinkman (jumlah rata-rata rokok yang dihisap per hari dalam satuan batang dikalikan dengan lama merokok dalam satuan tahun) yang dikelompokkan menjadi perokok ringan, sedang, dan berat. Gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan dinilai menggunakan kuesioner baku COPD Assessment Test (CAT) yang dikelompokkan menjadi kategori normal (tidak bergejala) dan abnormal (bergejala ringan, sedang, berat, dan sangat berat). Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan uji fisher’s exact sebagai alternatif karena syarat uji chi square tidak terpenuhi. Hasil uji analisis menunjukkan nilai p=0,921 (p>0,05), artinya hasil tidak signifikan secara statistik. Simpulan penelitian adalah tidak terdapat hubungan antara derajat merokok dengan gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan pada pegawai Unisba. Faktor yang dapat memengaruhi adalah merokok pasif, riwayat merokok, usia, riwayat penyakit pernapasan, status gizi, kebiasaan olahraga, dan paparan debu.
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