Hubungan Derajat Merokok dengan Gejala Gangguan Sistem Pernapasan pada Pegawai Universitas Islam Bandung

Abstract

Abstract. Smoking is a major risk factor for respiratory disease that can be detected early by knowing the symptoms of respiratory disorders. Smoking has become a habit for many Indonesians, including some employees of Bandung Islamic University (Unisba). This study aimed to analyse the relationship between smoking degree and respiratory symptoms in Unisba employees. The research method was an analytic study and the research design was cross sectional with a purposive sampling technique. Respondents were 77 Unisba employees who were divided into two groups, namely 33 risk factor groups (active smokers) and 44 control groups (non-smokers) for comparison. The smoking degree was assessed using a form based on the Brinkman index (the average number of cigarettes smoked per day in sticks multiplied by the length of smoking in years) which grouped into mild, moderate, and heavy smoker. Respiratory symptoms were assessed using a standard COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire which categorized into normal (asymptomatic) and abnormal (mild, moderate, severe, and very severe symptoms). Research data were analysed using fisher's exact test as an alternative because the chi square test requirements were not met. The analysis results showed p value=0.921 (p>0.05), meaning that the results were not statistically significant. The conclusion of the study is that there is no relationship between the smoking degree and respiratory symptoms in Unisba employees. Factors that can influence are passive smoking, smoking history, age, history of respiratory disease, nutritional status, exercise habits, and exposure to dust.
 Abstrak. Merokok merupakan faktor risiko utama dari penyakit pernapasan yang dapat dideteksi secara dini dengan mengetahui gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan. Merokok telah menjadi kebiasaan bagi banyak masyarakat Indonesia, termasuk sebagian pegawai Universitas Islam Bandung (Unisba). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan derajat merokok dengan gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan pada pegawai Unisba. Metode penelitian merupakan studi analitik dan rancangan pendekatan cross sectional dengan teknik pemilihan sampel purposive sampling. Responden sebanyak 77 pegawai Unisba yang terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu 33 kelompok faktor risiko (perokok aktif) dan 44 kelompok kontrol (bukan perokok) sebagai pembanding. Derajat merokok dinilai menggunakan formulir isian berdasarkan indeks Brinkman (jumlah rata-rata rokok yang dihisap per hari dalam satuan batang dikalikan dengan lama merokok dalam satuan tahun) yang dikelompokkan menjadi perokok ringan, sedang, dan berat. Gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan dinilai menggunakan kuesioner baku COPD Assessment Test (CAT) yang dikelompokkan menjadi kategori normal (tidak bergejala) dan abnormal (bergejala ringan, sedang, berat, dan sangat berat). Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan uji fisher’s exact sebagai alternatif karena syarat uji chi square tidak terpenuhi. Hasil uji analisis menunjukkan nilai p=0,921 (p>0,05), artinya hasil tidak signifikan secara statistik. Simpulan penelitian adalah tidak terdapat hubungan antara derajat merokok dengan gejala gangguan sistem pernapasan pada pegawai Unisba. Faktor yang dapat memengaruhi adalah merokok pasif, riwayat merokok, usia, riwayat penyakit pernapasan, status gizi, kebiasaan olahraga, dan paparan debu.

Relationship of Smoking Status and Severity of Inpatient Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

“…The pvalue in this study is greater than 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is no statistically significant relationship between the degree of smoking (during smoking and the number of cigarettes consumed) and symptoms of respiratory system disorders. 24 In this study, there were no samples who consumed more than 20 cigarettes per day, so this study was not in line with the results of a study conducted by Jiang et rettes per day, the risk of developing CAP increased by 3.89 times 25 . However, the correlation analysis of smoking degrees with the severity of CAP in this study was strengthened by research conducted by Tanzila et al, which stated that there was no significant relationship between smoking duration and several cigarettes and respiratory frequency.…”

“…However, these results did not show any specific relationship. In this study, 16 samples were obtained from low, moderate, heavy, and non-smokers with a normal respiratory system, while 61 samples were found for low, moderate, heavy smokers and non-smokers with an abnormal respiratory system 24 .…”

Hubungan Derajat Merokok dengan Gambaran Manifestasi Inflamasi Kronik pada Rongga Mulut Perokok

“…Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Nurjannah dan Listrianah, perokok memiliki tingkat gingivitis yang lebih parah dibandingkan orang bukan perokok karena vasokonstriksi pembuluh darah gingiva mereka dan keratinisasi yang lebih kuat. Selain itu, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada korelasi yang signifikan antara tingkat gingivitis individu yang merokok dan lamanya merokok mereka (17).…”

Hubungan Kebiasaan Merokok dengan Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani pada Lansia di Kecamatan Sliyeg Kabupaten Indramayu

“…Berdasarkan penelitian Ni Nyoman Ari Purwaningsih, Ni Ketut Sutiari didapatkan hasil yaitu tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kebugaran jasmani (p=0,3808). Dan berdasarkan penelitian Dewi Sri Sumardilah didapatkan nilai p = 0,049 dan terdapat hubungan antar kebiasaan merokok dengan tingkat kebugaran jasmani pada atlet remaja wushu saburai Lampung (10)(11)(14) (15).…”