This paper deals with the legal issues related to combating cybercrime in the global information and communication networks through comparative analysis of relevant legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Western European countries. The purpose of this research is to identify the specific features of present cybercrime, to develop a conceptual framework, to specify new forms of cybercrime and to find the main directions in combating cybercrime. The research methodology was based on dialectical, comparative legal, sociological, system-structural and statistical methods, as well as on social experiment. The study gave the possibility to disclose specific features of cybercrime, provided a universal definition of cybercrime, which can be used in international conventions as well as in international criminal investigation. The study highlighted two new types of cybercrime - cyber-terrorism and identity theft with the view of committing crimes, which could be included in the Convention on Cybercrime. The authors of this study developed a universal conceptual framework that can be used in international legal instruments and international cooperation in combating cybercrime and formed a unified approach to address some legal issues related to cybercrime in the global information and communication networks.
The relevance of the topic is the development of alternative energy and search for new sources of energy as the main world trend of the twenty-first century. Using the energy of earth, wind, water and sun, humanity will stop polluting the environment and save valuable fossil resources. The Republic of Kazakhstan is well known with its stability and successful development. It is quite important not only for the country, but for the whole Central Asian region. Nowadays it is necessary to improve the energy returned on investment, and to make producing it cheaper. Wind power will be nearly very important in coming years. Probably the most established renewable energy source, besides hydro, becomes as cheap as fossil fuels in many markets around the world. The different types of the renewable energy were examined in this article.
The article discusses the problems of legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan aimed at counteracting terrorism and religious extremism. The goal of research is the development of political and legal mechanisms of preventing terrorism and religious extremism in modern Kazakh society, the analysis of key reasons behind the spread of extremist attitudes among some believers, the study of key factors behind the extremist religious ideology. The methodological basis of this research is the dialectic method freed from materialistic or idealistic monism and grounded in pluralistic, multi-linear interdependence of all political and legal phenomena. The authors used formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. They researched the State Program of Counteracting Religious Extremism and Terrorism in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2018–2022, which foresees predominantly preventive measures. The key task of ensuring state security in a rule-of-law state with a well-developed legal system, which the Republic of Kazakhstan is, mainly consists in the development and successful enforcement of legal mechanisms of governance.
In the modern world, religious and political extremism remains a phenomenon that destroys the basis of state power and the system of state governance, instigates hatred of representatives of other religious denominations, and contradicts the standards of morality and public behavior. Terrorism and religious extremism are a real threat to stability not only for the Republic of Kazakhstan, but for all countries of the world. The improvement of basic aspects in the criminal sphere, including the prevention of specific terrorism-related crimes, remains very topical today. The classification of criminal law norms connected with counteracting terrorism and religious extremism is based on a number of key indicators of criminal policy and fundamental criminal law institutes, whose description constitutes the main body of this article.
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