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Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is known as the versatile tool in different biological, and medical applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of cold plasma on diabetes via in vitro and in vivo assessments. We performed the in vitro assay to evaluate the impact of CAP on glycated glutathione peroxidase (GPx) through enzyme activity measurement as a function index and far- and near-UV circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence analysis as structure indices. The result of in vitro assessment showed that the exposure of glycated GPx to plasma causes a considerable increase in enzyme activity up to 30%. Also, the evaluation of far- and near-UV CD and fluorescence analysis indicated a modification in the protein structure. According to obtained result from in vitro assessment, in vivo assay evaluated the effect of CAP on diabetic mice through analyzing of blood glucose level (BGL), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), antioxidant activity, oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and inflammation factors including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The result of in vivo experiment also showed a 20% increase in antioxidant activity. Also, the reduction in AGEs, oxidative stress biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokines concentrations was observed. The result of this study revealed that CAP could be useful in diabetes treatment and can be utilized as a complementary method for diabetes therapy.

Introduction: Hyperglycemia in people with diabetes mellitus and its lack of control are associated with irreversible consequences. Glycation of proteins and enzymes, especially antioxidant enzymes in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, affects these consequences. Consumption of bioactive compounds containing antioxidants and minerals as well as the use of adjunct therapies, such as cold atmospheric plasma therapy, can be effective in preventing and controlling the consequences of diabetes mellitus.Objective: In this research, we investigated whether cold plasma treatment of diabetic samples was effective in altering the activity of oxidative enzymes, some biochemical elements, and biochemical parameters.Methods: Thirty individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy individuals, as controls, participated in the study. The samples were exposed to cold argon plasma jet for 10 minutes (by a 10 kHz pulsed DC power supply with an amplitude up to 20.0 kV). The following contents of the serum samples of all participants were evaluated according to the instructions of the used kits before and after the cold argon plasma jet treatment: the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes; the concentration of glucose, hydrogen peroxide, and selenium binding protein 1 (as an indicator of blood selenium); and the concentration of copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium.Results: The activity of antioxidant enzymes and minerals significantly increased in diabetic samples treated with cold plasma (P value < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the concentrations of glucose, hydrogen peroxide, or selenium binding protein 1 in diabetic samples treated with cold plasma.Conclusions: Using cold argon plasma jet as an adjunct method, which will reduce the glycation of enzymes and improve some minerals, can reduce the risk of diabetes complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.Keywords:Antioxidant enzymes, Cold plasma, Diabetes mellitus, Minerals.

This study focused on the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) on the modification of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to recover its activity (in vitro) and thereby reverse oxidative stress in diabetic mice (in vivo). The result of the in vitro assay demonstrated that PEF could modify the glycated SOD structure through a change in the electrostatic environment of the protein. This modification leads to an 83% and 31% increase in the enzymatic activity of in vitro and in vivo assays, respectively. The in vivo assessment results show a decrease in oxidative stress biomarker indices, advanced glycation end products content, and inflammatory cytokines concentrations. However, the change in blood glucose level is not significant. According to the results, PEF would be effective in diabetes therapy and could be employed as a complementary method.

Background: Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus can have devastating consequences. The role of functional foods in controlling and even preventing diabetes mellitus is prominent, and adjunct therapies can be helpful in controlling some of the consequences of diabetes.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether gallic acid, as a functional food, as well as cold atmospheric plasma, as an adjunct therapy, have an effect on the levels of some antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory factors, and the levels of oxidizing agent and blood glucose.Methods: In this study, 30 healthy individuals, as the control group, and 30 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Samples of people with diabetes were examined before and after treatment with gallic acid and cold atmospheric plasma (cold argon plasma jet for 10 minutes). Levels of interleukin 2 and 13 and NF-κB, as inflammatory factors, glutathione reductase, paraoxonase, and lipoprotein lipase, as antioxidants, hydrogen peroxide and blood glucose were assessed in untreated and treated diabetic groups and control group according to kit instructions.Results: Comparison of the results of the levels of inflammatory factors, antioxidants, blood glucose, and hydrogen peroxide showed a significant difference (P value < 0.05) between the diabetic and control groups. Treatment of diabetic specimens with plasma and gallic acid showed a significant increase (P value < 0.05) in glutathione reductase, paraoxonase, and NF-κB levels compared to the untreated diabetic group.Conclusions: The results showed that concomitant use of gallic acid, as well as plasma therapy, could be effective on NF-κB, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonase levels.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Cold plasma, Inflammatory factors, Gallic acid