Expressing thoughts and feelings effectively is a vital skill for individuals’ professional career. University students should thus attach due importance to their communication skills as they receive their professional training. Self-efficacy beliefs can be regarded as an influential element in speaking skills, and may affect different aspects of speaking performance. In this respect, the aim of this study was to examine the speaking self-efficacy beliefs of final-year university students based on different variables. The reason why this study focused on final-year students was to determine the level at which they perceived themselves in terms of speaking in the pre-service period. Accordingly, the "Speaking Self-Efficacy Scale" was administered to 843 final-year students (454 female, and 389 male) studying at a Turkish university, and the data gathered were analysed through statistical methods. The results showed that the students' speaking self-efficacy levels were considerably high based on their scores on the scale. There was no significant difference between the students' self-efficacy beliefs based on gender, but they were observed to differ in their speaking self-efficacy beliefs based on their faculties. The analysis regarding the variable of experience in prepared speeches also revealed a significant difference in the students' speaking self-efficacy beliefs. Moreover, the university students' speaking self-efficacy beliefs were found to differ based on their annual amount of reading. It can be argued that improving the current level is possible through participation in more prepared speech activities and gaining a reading habit. Keywords: Self – Efficacy beliefs, Speaking, Speaking skills.
In this study, it has been intended to examine reading cultures of pre-service teachers depending on multiple variables. The study group of this research consists of 377 pre-service teachers who are studying in fourth grade at Turkish Education, Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Primary School Mathematics Education, Computer and Instructional Technologies, Fine Arts-Music Education, English Education, and Special Education departments during the fall semester of 2017-2018 education year. "Reading Culture Scale", which was formerly developed by the researchers, was carried out in order to designate the reading culture of pre-service teachers. With reference to the produced statistical analyses, the total average point on reading culture of pre-service teachers, who had attended the study, was found as medium. When variables affecting reading cultures of pre-service teachers were examined, a significant difference was observed in the variable of gender, and female pre-service teachers were identified to have higher average points in RCS comparing to male pre-service teachers. There are significant differences in RCS total points of pre-service teachers as regards to the variables of membership to the library, owning a bookcase, having a habit of reading. It has been designated that pre-service teachers with membership to the library, owning a bookcase and having a habit of reading had more RCS total average points than others. Through outcomes of this study, status evaluation, concerning reading cultures of pre-service teachers, had been conducted; and several suggestions were made upon adopting a reading culture to an individual with the aim of future studies.the level and quality of relationships of an individual, a social group or society through an act of reading. To put it another way, it is a field of lifestyle that belongs to the aforementioned individual, social group and society reflecting on the field of reading. Briefly, it is an individual and social way of life-related to the reading act (Yılmaz, 2009, p. 134).Reading culture is an acculturation process which is evolving in many fields socially and individually; and as all acculturation processes, it requires a lifelong skill acquisition. In compliance with Kachala (2007), efforts that are put by aiming to improve on this culture, need to be initiated at early childhood until adulthood. Thus reading love and habit can be acquired starting from individual to society. As having individuals with reading cultures is a sign for societies to show development, it is also important for education systems to raise individuals with reading culture acquisition. As a consequence, societies with more improvement, knowledge, and awareness may have a more exclusive place on the surface of the earth.
Araştırmada "Gazi Yabancılar İçin Türkçe" (GYİT) ve "Yedi İklim Türkçe" (YİT) B2 düzeyi ders kitaplarındaki dört temel dil becerisine yönelik hazırlanmış etkinliklerin, etkinlik türleri bağlamında dağılımını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmayla adı geçen kitaplardaki etkinlik türlerinde eksiklik ya da gereğinden çok uygulanan etkinlik alanlarının bulunup bulunmadığı saptanarak yabancılara Türkçe öğretmek amacıyla oluşturulacak kitap ve benzeri kaynaklara ışık tutulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda etkinlik türleri belirlenirken Ak’ın (2011) sınıflandırmasından yararlanılmıştır. Veriler doküman incelemesiyle toplanmış, betimsel içerik çözümlemesiyle çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda her iki kitapta açık uçlu soruları içeren etkinliklerin tüm becerilerde en çok kullanılan etkinlik türü olduğu, diğer etkinlik türleriyle oluşturulmuş etkinliklerinse daha az sayıda yer aldığı görülmüştür. Kimi etkinlik türlerinin becerilere yönelik etkinliklerde hiç kullanılmadığı görülmektedir ki bu durum eğitsel etkinlik çeşitliliği açısından bir eksiklik olarak değerlendirilebilir. Hep aynı etkinlik türlerine yönelmek yerine çeşitli soru türlerini içeren etkinliklerin tüm becerilere yayılması, böylece öğrencilerin her bir beceri başlığı altında birden çok etkinlik türüyle karşı karşıya getirilmesi makalenin önerilerinde dile getirilmiştir.
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