Painless, needle-free, and continuous glucose monitoring sensors are needed to enhance the life quality of diabetic patients. To that extent, we propose a first-of-its-kind, highly sensitive, noninvasive continuous glycemic monitoring wearable multisensor system. The proposed sensors are validated on serum, animal tissues, and animal models of diabetes and in a clinical setting. The noninvasive measurement results during human trials reported high correlation (>0.9) between the system’s physical parameters and blood glucose levels, without any time lag. The accurate real-time responses of the sensors are attributed to their unique vasculature anatomy–inspired tunable electromagnetic topologies. These wearable apparels wirelessly sense hypo- to hyperglycemic variations with high fidelity. These components are designed to simultaneously target multiple body locations, which opens the door for the development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas.

Abstract-In this paper, a low-cost multiband printed-circuit-board (PCB) antenna that employs Koch fractal geometry and tunability is demonstrated. The antenna is fabricated on a 1.6 mm-thick FR4-epoxy substrate with dimensions 4 cm × 4.5 cm, is microstrip-line fed and has a partial ground plane flushed with the feed line. The proposed antenna is simulated using the Finite-Element Method for three different switching cases and the return loss is measured for each case. It is shown that the antenna can cover the bands of several applications including 3G, WiFi, WiMAX as well as a portion of the UWB range. The radiation patterns are satisfactorily omnidirectional across the antenna's operation bands.

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