Noninvasive, wearable, and tunable electromagnetic multisensing system for continuous glucose monitoring, mimicking vasculature anatomy

Abstract

Painless, needle-free, and continuous glucose monitoring sensors are needed to enhance the life quality of diabetic patients. To that extent, we propose a first-of-its-kind, highly sensitive, noninvasive continuous glycemic monitoring wearable multisensor system. The proposed sensors are validated on serum, animal tissues, and animal models of diabetes and in a clinical setting. The noninvasive measurement results during human trials reported high correlation (>0.9) between the system’s physical parameters and blood glucose levels, without any time lag. The accurate real-time responses of the sensors are attributed to their unique vasculature anatomy–inspired tunable electromagnetic topologies. These wearable apparels wirelessly sense hypo- to hyperglycemic variations with high fidelity. These components are designed to simultaneously target multiple body locations, which opens the door for the development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas.

Proof of Concept for a New Raman-Based Prototype for Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring

“…Furthermore, for each subject's calibration model, an analysis of the standard error of prediction (SEP) for all validation points and for the blinded GED 2, respectively, was performed. 19,20…”

Enhancing the Accuracy of Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing in Aqueous Solutions Using Combined Millimeter Wave and Near Infrared Transmission

“…To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the different machine learning models, the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) metric was used [ 12 , 32 ]. MARD is one of the most common metrics used to assess the performance of continuous glucose monitoring systems.…”

“…A variety of alterative, non-invasive approaches have been investigated in the past 40 years, such as infrared spectroscopy (including absorption and Raman spectroscopy), bioimpedance spectroscopy, and radio wave sensing [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. It is well known that any such non-invasive technique must overcome significant challenges to obtain clinical sensing accuracy, such as the weak signature of the glucose molecule compared to other tissue components and water, the signal interference from other substances, and the effects of environmental factors such as ambient temperature and skin moisture.…”

Flexible Electronics and Healthcare Applications

“…The development of flexible electronics overcome the disadvantage that inorganic electronics cannot be integrated on curved surfaces, so applications of electronic products have been greatly expanded. Flexible transistors, flexible capacitors and flexible sensors are typical flexible electronic components; all have been integrated into complex circuits for applications in health care (Ray et al, 2019;Chung et al, 2020;Hanna et al, 2020;Jin et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2020;Madhvapathy et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020).…”