Recently, water quantity is decreasing due to high temperatures in summer and reducing the water quotas of Euphrates River in Iraq from the neighboring countries. These factors may increase turbidity and concentration of elements in Euphrates River especially near Alhindya Barrage, Babylon Governorate, Iraq. Thus, Euphrates River may not be valid for drinking and irrigation purposes in upstream of Alhindya Barrage. The aim of this study was to investigate the water quality upstream of Alhindya Barrage, Euphrates River, using Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). The comparison of water quality was investigated in the years of 2008 and 2009 according to data availability. Statistical analysis were performed on measured flowrates and indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between measured flowrates for 2008 and 2009. The results showed that the CWQI of 2008 was 94 which is good to excellent water quality, compared to CWQI of 79 for 2009. This was due to reduction in mean water quantity from 370m3/s of 2008 to 213m3/s of 2009. The global warming phenomenon is the main reason for dry seasons and low rainfall intensity and caused bad water quality.
During the last five decades, a huge amount of water pollutants has been recorded in all water resources around the world. Therefore, the water quality has become an important indicator affecting the vitality and productivity of plants, which requires an effective technique to monitor all these pollutants. The main objective of this study is to assess the validity of groundwater for wells located within the boundaries of the Green Belt area in Karbala city/Iraq for irrigation of palm and olive trees. Whereas, the use of saline groundwater as an alternative to available fresh water will promote the sustainable development of water resources. The technique of Water Quality Index (WQI) is a reliable and widely used tool for assessing water quality for various sources, including groundwater. In this study, the Canadian water quality index (CWQI) model was applied to provide a database for planning and monitoring the quality of groundwater in wells located in the study area. Groundwater samples were taken from these wells and tested to find seven parameters which were; pH, CL, Mg, HCO3, EC, Na and Ca. The CWQI values of groundwater for the studied wells ranged from 30 to 35. According to the CWQI scale, the groundwater of all wells is classified as poor water. Therefore, the groundwater of all wells in the study area must be treated before it is used for the purpose of irrigation of palm and olive trees. This study concluded that to ensure good irrigation management in the study area, future changes of groundwater in the study area must be monitored.
The increasing of temperature with reduction of rainfall in dry season led to reduce water areas which cause reduce the cultivation areas in Iraq and other countries. Effecting of drought causing negative action on crop productivity. The irrigation water shortage will impact on crops by stress of water as well water decreasing will increase salt concentration that will increase the salt stress cause influence on yield of crops. This research will study of stress by decreasing of water (deficit irrigation) on production of okra crops with both use subsurface water retention techniques (SWRT) and without use SWRT, then estimation differences after that calculate affection of salt on crop. The research was done in Babylon governorate in Al-Hindiya Barrage. The treatments A1 used drip irrigation system with SWRT technique and used deficit irrigation in some times, while A2 used trickle irrigation without SWRT and use deficit irrigation in some times. The results of treatment A1 showed the amount of applying water reduced to 7% than A2. Whereas the number of irrigations of A1 equal to A2. The yield of crop of A1 was more than of A2 by 15 %. The actual yield of A1 was impacted by water stress and salt were 0.01 kg/m2 and 0.011 kg/m2 respectively. The actual yield of A2 which impacted by water stress and salt were 0.079 kg/m2 and 0.085 kg/m2, respectively. The yield in A1 with SWRT and without stress and the yield of A2 without SWRT and without stress showed percent of increasing of 2.3%. The SWRT technique helps to stress resistance and drought resistance by using okra of loam soil.
The present study investigates the effect of hydraulic jumps as criteria for representation of the energy dissipation of flow in gabion weirs. A set of 25 laboratory experiments and 188 operation tests were carried out using a laboratory flume with dimensions 10 m long by 0.3 m wide, and 0.5 m high. The tested gabion weir had different five possible lengths, 0.4 m, 0.6 m, 0.8 m, 1.0 m, and 1.2 m, and the filling material used was natural quarry mono-graded gravel in five different sample sizes of average equivalent diameter 11.75 mm, 16.50 mm, 22.00 mm, 31.25 mm, and 43.75 mm. Operation discharge values ranged between 0.7 to 15.0 l/s. The data set was subject to dimensional analysis to generate dimensionless groups, and correlated using the Buckingham Pi-Theorem. The results of this analysis showed that the distance of hydraulic jump has a direct relationship with discharge and an inverse relationship with the diameter of the gravel in the sample. For specified discharges, the distance of hydraulic jump had an inverse relationship with the length of the gabion weir and a direct relationship with the proposed energy dissipation parameter.
The current study focus on the effect of using stepped gabion weir in a laboratory channel on the hydraulic jump distance which form at its toe. A series of 175 operation tests and 25 laboratory experiments were conducted by using a laboratory flume 10 m long, 0.3 m wide, and 0.5 m deep. The tested gabions had different five lengths 0.72 m, 0.84 m, 0.96 m, 1.08 m, and 1.20 m respectively, and the material used to fill the gabions was natural quarry mono graded gravel in five different sample sizes of diameters ranged between (09.5-14.0) mm, (14.0-19.0) mm, (19.0-25.0) mm, (25.0-37.5) mm, and (37.5-50.0) mm. The operation flow rate values ranged between 2.33*10-3 to 50.00*10-3 m3/s/m. Dimensional analysis was used to generate dimensionless parameters, and correlated them using the Buckingham Pi-Theorem. The results of this study showed that the hydraulic jump distance increases by increasing the flow rate value, but increasing the values of both of the gravel sample used and the total length of the weir have an undular effect on the hydraulic jump distance.
The present study investigates the effect of using stepped gabion weir in a laboratory channel on the distance of the hydraulic jump. A set of 25 laboratory experiments and 175 operation tests were conducted using a laboratory flume with dimensions 10 m long by 0.3 m wide, and 0.5 m high. The tested gabion weir had different five possible lengths 0.88 m, 0.96 m, 1.04m, 1.12 m, and 1.20 m, and the filling material used was natural quarry mono graded gravel in five different sample sizes of average equivalent diameter 11.75 mm, 16.50 mm, 22.00 mm, 31.25 mm, and 43.75 mm. Operation discharge values ranged between 0.7 to 15.0 l/s. The data set was subject to dimensional analysis to generate dimensionless groups, and correlated using the Buckingham Pi-Theorem. The results of this study showed that in case of direct representation between the parameters, the distance of hydraulic jump has a direct relationship with discharge but both the gravel sample used and the overall length of the weir give an undular behaviour with its increment. While using of dimensional representation shows that both the gravel sample and weir length have an inverse relationship with the distance of the hydraulic jump. Many trials have been made to formulate the best equation which combine the studied parameters with good agreement.
The present paper aims to study the mechanization of detention and release processes when a rectangular gabion weir is used in lined irrigation canals as the preliminary solution to treat the problem of lowering water levels generally during the summer season. At this study a laboratory flume canal with dimensions of 10.0 m long by 0.3 m wide and 0.5 m high was used to carry out the weir experiments. The used hydraulic model constructed with dimensions of 0.3 m width by 0.4 m height, and five different lengths of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 m respectively. Whereas the used gravel samples, as filling material, were of monosized gravel with diameters ranged between 9.5-14.0, 14.0-19.0, 19.0-25.0, 25.0-37.5, and 37.5-50 mm respectively. While the measured discharge values during the experiments were in the range of 0.0007-0.015.0 m3/s, they reached a total of 194 test runs. The results showed that the upstream water depth, as Detention depth, is directly proportional to both of the discharge and the length of the weir, and inversely proportional to the diameter of the used gravel sample, the downstream water depth, as Release depth, is directly proportional with discharge, simultaneously there is no clear effect for both the length weirs length and the used gravel sample on it‘s value. Finally, both values of detention and release depths are directly proportional to each other. A series of empirical formulas were made for designers to manage detention and release processes for this type of weirs.
Measuring the ability of hydraulic structures on works performing may be consider as a definition of the flow energy. The current study goal is to know the dispersed energy of flow in the steps-shaped, rockfill weir. A set of twenty five laboratory experiments and one hundred seventy five operation tests were carried out by using a laboratory handled metal channel with multiple discharge values. The tested hydraulic models has a different five lengths, and the filling material used was natural quarry crushed stone with five different median diameters. The results of analysis showed that the energy dissipationincreases by increasing the discharge value, and decreases by increasing both the length ratio of the rockfill weir, and the diameter of the rockfill sample used. The resulted equation for energy dissipation refers toa positive agreement between the predicted and measured energy dissipation values.
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