During the last five decades, a huge amount of water pollutants has been recorded in all water resources around the world. Therefore, the water quality has become an important indicator affecting the vitality and productivity of plants, which requires an effective technique to monitor all these pollutants. The main objective of this study is to assess the validity of groundwater for wells located within the boundaries of the Green Belt area in Karbala city/Iraq for irrigation of palm and olive trees. Whereas, the use of saline groundwater as an alternative to available fresh water will promote the sustainable development of water resources. The technique of Water Quality Index (WQI) is a reliable and widely used tool for assessing water quality for various sources, including groundwater. In this study, the Canadian water quality index (CWQI) model was applied to provide a database for planning and monitoring the quality of groundwater in wells located in the study area. Groundwater samples were taken from these wells and tested to find seven parameters which were; pH, CL, Mg, HCO3, EC, Na and Ca. The CWQI values of groundwater for the studied wells ranged from 30 to 35. According to the CWQI scale, the groundwater of all wells is classified as poor water. Therefore, the groundwater of all wells in the study area must be treated before it is used for the purpose of irrigation of palm and olive trees. This study concluded that to ensure good irrigation management in the study area, future changes of groundwater in the study area must be monitored.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of using the conventional (rectangular) shape of gabion weir in dissipating the energy of flow. For that a series of laboratory tests (25 experiments and 194 test runs) were conducted on the gabion weir by using of a laboratory flume of 12 m long by a cross section of 0.3 m width, and 0.5 m height to test five different lengths of the weir, (40 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm, and 120 cm), with five respective monosized samples of natural quarry gravel with diameters (9.5-14) mm, (14-19) mm, (19-25) mm, (25-37.5) mm, and (37.5-50) mm. The tests were conducted for a range of discharge (0.7-15.0) l/s. Dimensionless analysis was used to analyze the data by using Buckingham Pi-Theorem to find the relation between the difference in energy of gabion ends and the unit discharge. Beside, a comparison discharge was chosen to find the relation between the difference in energy of gabion ends and the other variables. Results of experiments showed that the difference in energy increase by increasing both the unit discharge and the length of the gabion weir and decrease by increasing the equivalent diameter of the gravel sample.
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