The Iraqi government used a range of chemical weapons, including blistering and nerve agents, against Iraqi Kurdish civilians in the 1980s. Few data exist about the long-term respiratory consequences of this exposure. In this study, Kurdish subjects with a history of exposure to chemical weapons were invited to attend a clinical assessment, including a review of their history, physical examination, and a high-resolution computed tomography (CT) of the thorax. Blistering at the time of exposure was used to define significant exposure to mustard gas. Results were compared between two groups of blistering and nonblistering. Four hundred seventy-nine subjects were studied; 45.7% male and 54.3% female. The mean age and standard deviation (mean +/- SD) of the cases was 43.1 +/- 13.7. Spirometry was abnormal in 15.2% of subjects and air trapping was present on CT scan in 46.6% and did not differ between patients with (n = 278) or without a history of blistering. Respiratory symptoms, including dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, were more common in subjects with a history of blistering (all p < .005) and blistering was also associated with a lower forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) (p < .0001). Severe complications were most common in subjects from Halabja who also made up the majority of participants. These results show that objective abnormalities are common in people with symptoms attributed to prior exposure to chemical agent. Blistering at the time of exposure was associated with more respiratory symptoms and worse lung function, but not with CT appearances. The high proportion of severe cases in comparison to reports from Iran may reflect the historical absence of effective early treatment, including strategies to reduce prolonged early exposure in this population.

Herein, 2 cases of megacystis secondary to myenteric plexus pathology are reported. Unlike the entity of visceral myopathy, there was ganglion cell loss both in the bladder and in the colon of these 2 cases. Moreover, they did not present any gastrointestinal symptoms. Megacystis was the common pathology in these patients, whereas 1 of them suffered from unilateral vesicoureteral reflux. We could not find any similar report dealing with this phenomenon up to this time in the literature.

Kolon ve rektum malign lenfomalar› nadir olup, adenokarsinom ve karsinoid tümörlerden sonra görülmektedir. Bu makalede kronik diyare nedeni ile baflvuran ve mantle cell lenfoma ile efl zamanl› multiple myelom tan›s› alm›fl olan vakay› literatür bilgileri eflli¤inde sunduk. Anahtar kelimeler: Kronik diyare, mantle cell lenfoma The colon and rectum are rare sites of malignant lymphoma, observed in frequency after adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumors. In this article, a case with mantle cell lymphoma presenting with chronic diarrhea and with a simultaneous diagnosis of multiple myeloma is presented together with a review of the related cases in the literature.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clonal lymphoproliferative disease characterized by clonal expansion of B lymphocytes. Richter Transformation (RT) must be considered if CLL patient had fever, weight loss, cytopenia and resistance to standard therapy. Despite CLL usually transforms to diffuse large cell lymphoma, some rare lymphomas may occur as RT such as Hodgkin variants, lymphoblastic lymphoma nad mantle cell lymphoma. Here, we report a case of Mantle cell lymphoma has become secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia due to its being a rare entity.