It can be concluded that the majority of dentists in the study group did not select the proper method, material and equipment in order to minimize the exposure of their patient to unnecessary radiation in dental radiography.

This data article aimed to investigate the quality of drinking water of Qorveh and Dehgolan Counties in Kurdistan province based on the water quality index (WQI) and agricultural quality index based on RSC, PI, KR, MH, Na, SAR and SSP indices. Also, Piper diagram was used to determine hydro chemical features of the groundwater area. The calculation of WQI for groundwater samples indicated that 36% of the samples could be considered as excellent water and 64% of the samples were classified as good water category. The results of the calculated indices for agricultural water quality indicate that water quality in all collected samples are in a good and excellent category. The Piper classification showed that dominant type of groundwater hydro chemical faces of region was calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3−).

IntroductionDeath anxiety is a concept with greater importance among the elderly as they approach inevitability of death. Identifying the correlates of death anxiety among old people is important in order to reduce the burden of this problem. Therefore, the present study was performed with the aim to examine the association between spiritual experiences and life satisfaction with death anxiety in this stage of life.MethodThis cross-sectional study with descriptive-analytical design included 190 elderly people visiting the health and medical centers of Neyshabur city, Iran, during fall and winter, 2016. Participants were asked to complete three questionnaires including a 16-item spiritual experiences scale, life satisfaction index proposed by Wood and Shifor with 13 items, and a 27-item death anxiety scale developed by Aminpour. Analytical statistics (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Pearson’s correlation coefficient) were conducted using SPSS software version 22.ResultsFifty-eight percent of participants were in younger elderly age group with mean age of 68.18±7.13 years and the number of men and women was the same (95). A significant positive association between spiritual experiences and life satisfaction (r=0.2, p<0.05), a significant negative association between spiritual experiences and death anxiety (r=−0.184, p< 0.05) and a significant negative relationship between life satisfaction and death anxiety (r=−0.2, p<0.05) was found.ConclusionBased on results, it seems that reducing stressors in this stage of life including reduction of death anxiety, is possible through use of spiritual experiences and increasing life satisfaction.

When a patient enters the end stage of life threatening disease like cancer, treatment of pain and other symptoms must be considered to preserve quality of life (Gielen et al., 2011) [1]. Nurses have an important role in the care of patients who suffered from life threatening diseases. End of life cares is one of the routine activities of nurses (Gott et al., 2012) [2]. We surveyed knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses who worked in the hospitals of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences towards palliative care from January 2016 to May 2016. A self-administered Persian questionnaire was used for data collection. The attitude scale was adopted from Frommelt Attitude toward Care of the Dying (Frommelt, 1991) and the knowledge questions were adopted from the Palliative Care Quiz for Nursing (Ross et al., 1996). The practice questions were also adopted from different related studies. Data analysis was performed by SPSS Statistics software for windows version 16. Our study showed that majority of nurses had favorable attitude but poor knowledge and practice towards palliative care. The results emphasize the importance and need for developing palliative care services in our hospitals.

Nitrate is a groundwater pollutant which in higher concentrations limits, leads to health hazard such as Methemoglobinemia and formation of nitrosamine compounds. In this research, the nitrate and nitrite concentrations in all water resources in the villages of Songor plain were determined and the relationship between these values with the water table and zonation of nitrate concentration were investigated in the GIS environment. In this study, 37 samples of all groundwater resources of Sonqor plain were taken in, high water (March 2016) and low water (October 2017) periods. Water nitrate levels were then determined by spectrophotometry and results compared with national standards of Iran and analyzed by SPSS. Finally, the concentration distribution mapping was carried out in GIS environment and the factors affecting nitrite changes were analyzed. Nitrate concentration of water resources of Sonqor plain was fluctuating at 3.09–88.5 mg per Liter. In one station, nitrite concentrations in the high (88.5 mg/L) and low (71.4 mg/L) water seasons were higher than the maximum limit. Low thickness of alluvium, the site of wells in the downstream farmlands, the farming situation of the region, nitrate leaching from agricultural soils and wide use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture were considered as the causes of the pollution in one station. Though the average concentration of nitrate and nitrite are not high in this region, but because of problematic consequences of high nitrate concentrations to human health, proper management in use of chemical fertilizers, treatment or disposal of contaminated wells and protection of water wells is highly recommended.

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Objectives: Natural products such as chamomile have been used throughout the world for centuries as alternative medicines or functional food. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) has been applied for centuries as an herbal remedy for treat various inflammatory conditions such as eczema, ulcers, gout, neuralgia and rheumatic pains. Materials and Methods: This study was a single blind clinical trial. The samples will be placed in two groups of intervention (55 people) and control (55 people) by convenient sampling and random blocked. In the study, level of anxiety and depression in patients were measured in both groups by anxiety and depression questionnaires. Results: The mean of depression scores before and after the intervention in the intervention group was 25.81 and 19.49, respectively. Mean score of depression before and after intervention was 25.83 and 24.90 in control group. Results shows the mean scores of depression before and after intervention in the intervention and control group were difference significantly (p<0.001). Conclusion: Chamomile tea can be used as an alternative treatment to depression therapy in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy due to its low, safe, simple and affordable side effects. Chamomile tea is recommended for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy as an effective way to reduce symptoms of depression.

Background and aimSpiritual care is an important part of nursing practice that seems to provide comprehensive care to patients. Nursing manager’s attention to the spiritual dimension is one of the most important aspects affecting human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine nursing managers’ attitude to spirituality and spiritual care in hospitals in Khorasan Razavi Province in 2016.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 110 management nurses (8 matrons, 37 supervisors and 65 head nurses) of hospitals in Khorasan Razavi Province (2016) were recruited for the study. Data were collected using a Spirituality & Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS) questionnaire in two parts, demographic information and questions related to the research objectives. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 16 software and doing descriptive (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent-samples t-test, ANOVA) and considering levels of significance (p<0.05).ResultsThe results showed mean and standard deviation in management nursing attitude to spirituality (4.01±0.35) and spiritual care (4.03±0.78). The result showed significant differences between the attitude to spirituality and spiritual care and gender, age and work experience in nursing management (p<0.05).ConclusionsManagement nursing has high level attitude to spirituality and spiritual care. Therefore, providing the perfect platform to provide this care, and for nurses to implement it in hospitals is recommended.