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This study sought to chart the ontogenesis of the goat rumen by histomorphometric examination, scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. A total of 140 goat embryos and fetuses were used, from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. The appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was observed at 35 days of prenatal life (CRL 3 cm, 23% gestation). By 38 days (CRL 4.3 cm CRL, 25% gestation) the ruminal wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. Ruminal pillars were visible at 46 days (CRL 6 cm, 30% gestation), and by 76 days (CRL 18 cm, 50% gestation) ruminal papillae were starting to appear. Under scanning electron microscopy, by 50 days (CRL 7.7 cm, 33% gestation) small ruminal papillae were observed protruding from the surface. Finally, neuroendocrine cells (synaptophysin, SYP) were detected at 53 days (CRL 9 cm CRL, 35% gestation), while glial cell markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein-GFAP, and vimentin-VIM) were found at 108 days (CRL 31 cm, 72% gestation) and 39 days (CRL 4.4 cm, 26% gestation), respectively. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were detected immunohistochemically at 113 days (CRL 33 cm, 75% gestation) and 120 days (CRL 35 cm, 80% gestation), respectively. In conclusion, histomorphogenesis of the rumen in goats was similar to that reported in deer, but rather slower than observed for sheep or cattle. Anat Rec, 295:776-785, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Key words: Capra hircus; forestomach; histochemistry; histology; prenatal developmentThe goat is among the ruminant species best able to make use of marginal pasturelands (Boyazoglu et al., 2005;Rancourt et al., 2006), and is highly adapted to grazing over a wide range of vegetation (El-Gendy et al., 2010). Browse appears to be an important component of its diet, and it is widely regarded as the best user of poor roughage (Gihad et al., 1980). Morphological analysis of the goat digestive tract has led to its being classed as an intermediate feeder, situated between the concentrate selectors at one extreme and the grass-roughage eaters at the other (Hofmann 1973(Hofmann , 1989.This ability to make use of grazing land is linked to the particular morphology of the ruminant stomach, which comprises four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen, reticulum and omasum form the forestomach (proventriculus), whose tunica mucosa is lined by a squamous, keratinized stratified epithelium (Ramkrishna and Tiwari, 1979;

Bronchoscopy is our preferred diagnostic tool. Selection of the type of treatment depends on the patient's clinical status and the anatomical pattern of the stenosis. In symptomatic cases with short-segment stenosis (<30% of total tracheal length), we prefer tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis; for long-segment stenosis (>30%), slide tracheoplasty is our procedure of choice.

One of the most essential systems applied to the eradication of bovine tuberculosis by Mycobacterium bovis is the epidemiologic surveillance of animals slaughtered in abattoir by means of inspection and sample taking of lesions compatible with tuberculosis, confirming the existence of the disease through culture and molecular detection, which takes weeks before a result can be obtained. An interesting alternative is to develop high-throughput molecular systems for the direct detection of M. bovis on biological samples. In this sense, our research has developed a molecular detection system by means of a real time based PCR process which is applied directly to bovine biological samples and it allows to differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, Mycobacterium avium Complex and other atypical mycobacteria that are interesting from the veterinary point of view. The sensitivity was analyzed by applying a conventional extraction system based on guanidine thiocyanate and a robotized system based on the selective magnetic capture of mycobacterial DNA. The molecular detection system showed a high specificity and a detection threshold of only 2-3 genomes. The sensitivity depended on the DNA extraction system being used and on the kind of lesions on which it was used; the sensitivity ranged from 61.11% for samples with non visible lesions to 80.64% for chronic lesions, with an average sensitivity of 73.87% when using the manual extraction system and between 27.77 and 74.19% (average sensitivity 47.74%) when using the automated robotic system. In conclusion, our multiplex real time PCR assay represents a fully controlled, highthroughput diagnostic tool for the rapid detection of Myobacterium presence directly in animal clinical specimens, which could be a practical tool in the context of bovine tuberculosis abattoir surveillance programs and granuloma submission programs.

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