We evaluate the exposure during nadir observations with JEM-EUSO, the Extreme Universe Space Obser-\ud vatory, on-board the Japanese Experiment Module of the International Space Station. Designed as a mis-\ud sion to explore the extreme energy Universe from space, JEM-EUSO will monitor the Earth’s nighttime\ud atmosphere to record the ultraviolet light from tracks generated by extensive air showers initiated by\ud ultra-high energy cosmic rays. In the present work, we discuss the particularities of space-based obser-\ud vation and we compute the annual exposure in nadir observation. The results are based on studies of the\ud expected trigger aperture and observational duty cycle, as well as, on the investigations of the effects of\ud clouds and different types of background light. We show that the annual exposure is about one order of\ud magnitude higher than those of the presently operating ground-based observatories

Objective The National Institutes of Health (NIH) spend billions of dollars annually on biomedical research. A crucial, yet currently insufficient step is the translation of scientific evidence-based guidelines and recommendations into constructs and language accessible to every-day patients and community members. By building a community of solution that integrates primary care with public health and community-based organizations, evidence-based medical care can be translated into language and constructs accessible to community members and readily implemented to improve health. Methods Using a community-based participatory research approach, the High Plains Research Network (HPRN) and its Community Advisory Council developed a multi-component process to translate evidence into messages and dissemination methods to improve health in rural Colorado. This process, called Boot Camp Translation has brought together various community members, organizations, and primary care to build a community of solution to address local health problems. Results The HPRN has conducted 4 Boot Camp Translations on topics including colon cancer prevention, asthma diagnosis and management, hypertension treatment and management, and the patient-centered medical home. Each Boot Camp follows a standard agenda that requires flexibility and creativity. Thus far, the HPRN has used Boot Camp Translation to engage over a thousand rural community members and providers. Dissemination of Boot Camp messaging through the community of solution has led to increased colon cancer screening, improved care for asthma, and increased rates of controlled blood pressure. Conclusions Boot Camp translation successfully engages community members in a process to translate evidence-based medical care into locally relevant, culturally appropriate language and constructs. Boot Camp Translation is an appropriate method for engaging community members in patient-centered outcomes research. Boot Camp Translation may be an appropriate first step in building a local or regional community of solution aimed at improving health of the community.

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Subtilase (SubAB) is a cytotoxin elaborated by some Shiga Toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains usually lacking the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). Two variants of SubAB coding genes have been described: subAB(1) , located on the plasmid of the STEC O113 98NK2 strain, and subAB(2) , located on a pathogenicity island (PAI) together with the tia gene, encoding an invasion determinant described in enterotoxigenic E. coli. In the present study, we determined the entire nucleotide sequence of the PAI containing the subAB(2) operon, termed Subtilase-Encoding PAI (SE-PAI), and identified its integration site in the pheV tRNA locus. In addition, a PCR strategy for discriminating the two subAB allelic variants was developed and used to investigate their presence in E. coli strains belonging to different pathotypes and in a large collection of LEE-negative STEC of human and ovine origin. The results confirmed that subAB genes are carried predominantly by STEC and showed their presence in 72% and 86% of the LEE-negative strains from human cases of diarrhoea and from healthy sheep respectively. Most of the subAB-positive strains (98%) identified possessed the subAB(2) allelic variant and were also positive for tia, suggesting the presence of SE-PAI. Altogether, our observations indicate that subAB(2) is the prevalent SubAB-coding operon in LEE-negative STEC circulating in European countries, and that sheep may represent an important reservoir for human infections with these strains. Further studies are needed to assess the role of tia and/or other genes carried by SE-PAI in the colonization of the host intestinal mucosa.