The lens of vertebrates has a general structural plan and reacts similarly to various factors of anthropogenic impact. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and grass frog (Rana temporaria L.) are the most well-studied objects of aquatic toxicology in Russia, which react to the level of exposure to toxicants in the urbanized environment and retain the consequences of this exposure. The study aims to determine the possibility of using the lens of fish and amphibians as a biomarker of chronic and long-term background environmental contamination. The fundamental importance of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the mechanisms of the response of the epithelial cells of the eye lens and lens fibers to the spectrum of various toxicants entering the environment with industrial effluents are considered. In chronic experiments, the sensitivity of the lens of Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings to three toxicants (dibutyl sebacate-DBS, polyterpenes-PTP, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-AGM-9) in concentrations close to the normalized valuesin the environment was studied. On adult individuals of Rana temporaria, the appearance of abnormities in the lens was studied over a long period, depending on the total environmental contamination. To assess remote environmental contamination, studies were carried out on the constantly growing lens of the grass frog, which can preserve the resulting fiber abnormities throughout its life in the form of local opacities from the harmful environmental factors impacts. On the epithelium of the lens of fish, it was found that under the influence of certain pollutants, the mitotic index (MI) in the germinal area can change over a wide range. With the combined effect of toxicants, inhibition of mitosis is also observed. Using biomicroscopy of the eye, it was possible to show that frogs from the urbanized zone of Moscow have 1.5 times more genotypic and modification changes in the lens than their relatives taken from an ecologically clean zone of the Moscow region, Mozhaisky district in the water area of the Ozerninskoye reservoir. For the first time, the sensitivity of the lens of aquatic organisms to chronic effects under experimental and background contamination of the terrestrial and aquatic environment has been shown. Therefore, taking into account the uniformity of the structure of the eye lens of fish and amphibians, as well as in other vertebrates, the lens can be used as a biomarker for assessing chronic and remote environmental contamination. The research results can be applied for a comprehensive assessment of the action of anthropogenic factors.
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According to the results of the study, data on the dynamics of the number of ciliates on various substrates were obtained. The maximum abundance, after 14 days of cultivation, was detected on a substrate from Bacillus subtilis of a natural strain (88 pcs / ml), on a substrate of Bacillus subtilis 2335 the abundance was slightly lower (81 pcs / ml), the minimum abundance was recorded on a substrate of Sacharamices ellipsodes (68 pcs / ml) A difference in morphophysiological characteristics was revealed, using the example of the qualitative and quantitative composition of digestive vacuoles. Indirect evidence of the participation of glycocalyx mechanisms in the choice of food by infusoria is given.
The increase in the production of aquaculture products confirms the relevance of the development of feed production in order to provide the industry with high-quality compound feeds and feed additives that meet modern requirements and biological needs of cultivated fish. Therefore, the development of aquaculture requires special attention to the feeding process and the use of full-fledged and environmentally safe feeds for all types of aquacultures. Antioxidants of natural origin are increasingly used in feed production. In the course of the work, the positive properties of antioxidant complexes containing the bioflavonoid dihydroquercetin in combination with vitamin E were studied when enriching the diet of a tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus). As a result of the research, it was found that the inclusion of dihydroquercetin in the composition of production feeds significantly improved productivity indicators and the main criteria for the formation of muscle mass in fish. The use of bioflavonoid dihydroquercetin allowed to increase productivity by 30.0%. The positive effect of the feed additive on morphological and biochemical parameters of blood was noted, which indicates an increase in natural resistance. The study of feed quality indicators confirmed the inhibition of oxidation processes in feed with the addition of dihydroquercetin. During the period of storage of feed in the experimental batch of feed, the level of peroxide number decreased by 3 times, and the acid number decreased by 28.4%. Taking into account the positive properties of bioflavonoid, it is recommended to further study the effectiveness of this biologically active additive in order to introduce it more widely into the practice of feed production.
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